Internal Forced

Convection
Parallel plate duct

core

 The core of fluid which is uninfluenced by viscosity.

 The volume-flow must be a constant at every section and the boundary-layer thickness increases in the flow direction.
 Consequently, the inviscid core accelerates, and there is a corresponding fall in pressure.
 The entrance/developing region is characterized by:

The fully developed region is characterized by:

The entrance/developing region is characterized by:

The fully developed region is characterized by:

For incompressible flow, mass flow rate through a cross section at any x is given by

Using the definition of the displacement thickness

The velocity of the potential core is given by

From Bernoulli equation, we can write for the calculation of pressure drop in the entry region of the duct

 For entry region pressure gradient take care of inertia effects and wall shear.
 For fully developed length pressure gradient balances the wall shear stress only and it is constant.

We know for flat plate, 𝛿=

  5𝑥
√ 𝑅𝑒 𝑥
 *  0.344

We can consider,
Boundary layer thickness for flat plate with pressure gradient = boundary layer thickness in internal accelerating flow
because favorable pressure gradient in flat plate lowers the boundary layer thickness similar to accelerating flow case
Calculation of inlet region

Inlet region = Lh
Boundary layer thickness,  Lh  H

 Lh H 5 32.8
  
Lh Lh ReLh Re
For parallel plate duct,
Lh
 0.03 Re
H

When b.l. merges into each other, the acceleration is not stopped suddenly, rather it continues to u
0
persist and is destroyed gradually in the downstream till the fully developed velocity profile appear x
Velocity profile in a fully developed pipe flow (Hagen-Poiseullie flow)

Continuity

r momentum

z momentum

1.
2.

3.
Darcy friction factor/Darcy–Weisbach friction factor /Moody friction factor, f

Head loss (energy loss per unit weight)

fully developed laminar flow

Fanning’s friction factor

Turbulent flow
Hydrodynamically and Thermally developing regime
Hydrodynamically and Thermally fully developed regime

Thermally fully developed

Tm = bulk mean temperature

2 R
1
Tm 
 R 2 um   u  r  T  r  r dr d
0 0
2 R
1
um 
 R2   u  r  dr d
0 0

Uniform wall temperature (UWT) Uniform heat flux (UHF)

Heat transfer through a circular tube for hydrodynamically developed and thermally developed flow with Uniform Wall
Heat Flux (UHF) condition
The governing equation is Solutions of hydrodynamically fully developed flow:
Energy Balance in Ducted Flows
dTm
2 R  x q''w    R 2um   c p x
dx
Rum  c p dTm
q''w 
2 dx

[independent of Re and Pr]

For, Uniform Wall Heat Flux (UHF) boundary condition, laminar fully developed flow in a tube
Heat transfer through a circular tube for hydrodynamically developed and thermally developed flow with Uniform Wall
Temperature (UWT) condition

The governing equation is

1   T  2  r2  Tw  T dTm
r   um  1  2 
r r  r    r0  Tw  Tm dx
Derivation of Nu: Supplementary material
The Nusselt number for non-circular
cross-sections is based on the equivalent diameter
defined as