Lecture 26 - Reinforced Columns

March 22, 2002

CVEN 444
 Lecture Goals

• Columns
– Short Column Design
– Long Column Design
Behavior under Combined Bending and
Axial Loads
Usually moment is represented by axial load times
eccentricity, i.e.
 Behavior under Combined Bending and
Axial Loads
Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and Moment
( Failure Envelope )

Concrete crushes
before steel yields

Steel yields before

concrete crushes

Note: Any combination of P and M outside the envelope will cause failure.
 Behavior under Combined Bending and
Axial Loads
Axial Load and Moment Interaction Diagram -General
 Behavior under Combined Bending and
Axial Loads
Resultant Forces action at Centroid
( h/2 in this case ) Pn  Cs1  Cc  Ts2
  
compression
is positive

Moment about geometric center

h  h a  h
M n  Cs1 *   d1   Cc *     Ts2 *  d 2  
2  2 2  2
 Columns in Pure Tension

Section is completely cracked (no concrete

axial capacity)

Uniform Strain  y

N
Pn  tension     f y As
i
i 1
 Columns
Strength Reduction Factor,  (ACI Code 9.3.2)
(a) Axial tension, and axial tension with flexure.
 = 0.9
(b) Axial compression and axial compression with
flexure.
Members with spiral reinforcement confirming
to 10.9.3 
Other reinforced members 
 Columns
Except for low values of axial compression,  may be
increased as follows:

when f y  60,000 psi and reinforcement is symmetric

and  h  d   d s   0.70
h
ds = distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of
tension reinforcement.
Then  may be increased linearly to 0.9 as Pn
decreases from 0.10fc Ag to zero.
Column
 Columns
Commentary:

Other sections:
 may be increased linearly to 0.9 as Pn
decreases from smaller of (Pb or 0.1 fc Ag )
to zero.
 Design for Combined Bending and
Axial Load (short column)

Design - select cross-section and reinforcement

to resist axial load and moment.
 Design for Combined Bending and
Axial Load (short column)
Column Types
1) Spiral Column - more efficient for e/h < 0.1,
but forming and spiral expensive
2) Tied Column - Bars in four faces used when
e/h < 0.2 and for biaxial bending
 General Procedure

The interaction diagram for a column is

constructed using a series of values for Pn and
Mn. The plot shows the outside envelope of the
problem.
General Procedure for construction
of an interaction diagram
– Compute P0 and determine maximum Pn in
compression
– Select a c value.
• Calculate the stress in the steel components.
• Calculate the forces in the steel and concrete,Cc, Cs1
and Ts.
• Determine Pn value.
• Compute the Mn about the center.
• Compute moment arm,e = Mn / Pn.
General Procedure for construction
of an interaction diagram
– Repeat with series of c values (10) to obtain a
series of values.
– Obtain the maximum tension value.
– Plot Pn verse Mn.
– Determine Pn and Mn.
• Find the maximum compression level.
• Find the will vary linearly from 0.7 to 0.9 for the
values Pn < 0.1*fc*Ag
• The tension component will be = 0.9
 Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Consider an square column (20 in x 20 in.) with 8 #10
( = 0.0254) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. Draw the
interaction diagram.
 Example
Point c (in) Pn Mn e
1 - 1548 k 0 0
2 20 1515 k 253 k-ft 2 in
3 17.5 1292 k 359 k-ft 3.33 in
4 12.5 841 k 500 k-ft 7.13 in
5 10.36 585 k 556 k-ft 11.42 in
6 8.0 393 k 531 k-ft 16.20 in
7 6.0 151 k 471 k-ft 37.35 in
8 ~4.5 0k 395 k-ft infinity

9 0 -610 k 0 k-ft
 Example
Column Analysis
Use a series of c values 2000
to obtain the Pn verses
1500
Mn.
1000

P (k) 500

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

-500

-1000
M (k-ft)
 Example
Max. compression
Column Analysis

1200

1000
Location of the 800

linearly varying  600

400 Cb
 Pn (k)

200

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
-200

-400

Max. tension -600

-800
 Mn (k-ft)