Lecture 31 - Beam Deflection

April 5, 2001
CVEN 444
 Lecture Goals

• Serviceability
• Moments and centroids
 Deflection Control
Reasons to Limit Deflection
(1.) Visual Appearance
1
 * l are generally visible
250
( 25 ft. span  1.2 in. )
(2.) Damage to Non-structural Elements
- cracking of partitions
- malfunction of doors /windows
 Deflection Control

(3.) Disruption of function

- sensitive machinery, equipment
- ponding of rain water on roofs
(4.) Damage to Structural Elements
- large ’s than serviceability problem
- (contact w/ other members modify
load paths)
 Allowable Deflections
ACI Table 9.5(a) = min. thickness unless ’s are
computed
ACI Table 9.5(b) = max. permissible computed
deflection
 Allowable Deflections
Flat Roofs ( no damageable nonstructural elements
supported)

l
 LL inst  
180
 Allowable Deflections
Floors ( no damageable nonstructural elements
supported )

l
 LL inst  
180
 Allowable Deflections
Roof or Floor elements (supported nonstructural elements
likely damaged by large ’s)

l

480
 Allowable Deflections
Roof or Floor elements ( supported nonstructural elements
not likely to be damaged by large
’s )

l

240
 Allowable Deflections

 Deflection occurring after attachment of

nonstructural elements

allow Need to consider the specific structures

function and characteristics.
Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculation

For I cr  I e  I gt (intermediate values of EI)

M 
a
  
a

Brandon  M cr  
cr   
derived Ie    * I gt  1     cr* I

 Ma    M a  
fr Ig
Mcr = Cracking Moment =
yt
Igt = Moment of inertia of transformed cross-section
fr = Modulus of rupture = 7.5 f c
Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculation
M 
a
  
a

M cr  
I e   cr  
* I gt  1   * I cr
     
 Ma    M a  
yt = Distance from centroid to extreme tension fiber
Ma = maximum moment in member at loading stage for
which Ie ( ) is being computed or at any previous
loading stage
Ig = Moment of inertia of concrete section neglect
reinforcement
Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculation

M 
3
  
3

 cr    M cr  *I
Ie  * Ig  1
      cr
 Ma    M a  
or
3
M 
I e  I cr   I g  I cr   cr 
 
 Ma 
Moment Vs curvature plot

M M
  slope   EI
EI 
 “Moment Vs Slope” Plot
The cracked beam starts to lose strength as the amount
of cracking increases
Moment of Inertia
For wc = 90 to 155 lb/ft3

Ec   33 f c
1.5
c  psi 
For normal weight concrete

Ec  57000 f c  psi 
(ACI 8.5.1)
Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)
A- Ends of Beam Crack
B - Cracking at midspan
C - Instantaneous deflection
under service load
C’ - long time deflection under
service load
D and E - yielding of
reinforcement @ ends &
midspan

Note: Stiffness (slope) decreases as cracking progresses

Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)

 2   2 
  wl  M  wl 
2
 M  wl  M  
 
     12 
 12   24 

The maximum moments for distributed load acting

on an indeterminate beam are given.
Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)
For Continuous beams
ACI 9.5.2.4  I e  avg   0.50 I e  mid   0.25 I e1  I e2 
ACI Com. 435  2 ends continous :

Weight Average  I e  avg   0.70 I e  mid   0.15 I e1  I e2 
 1 end continous :

 I e  avg   0.85I e  mid   0.15 I e1 
I e  mid   I e@ midspan
I e1  I e@ end 1
I e2  I e@ end 2
 Uncracked Transformed Section
Part (n) =Ej /Ei Area n*Area yi yi*(n)A
Concrete 1 bw*h bw*h 0.5*h 0.5*bw*h2
A’s n A’s (n-1)A’s d’ (n-1)*A’s*d’
As n As (n-1)As d (n-1)*As*d
n*A yi *n*Ai

y
 y *n A
i i
*
i
Note: (n-1) is to remove area
of concrete
n A i
*
i
 Cracked Transformed Section
Finding the centroid of singly Reinforced Rectangular
Section
 y  y
by    nAs d by  nAs y  by    nAs d
2
 
y
 yi Ai
  2  
 
2
 Ai by  nAs b 2
  y  nAs y  nAs d  0
 
 2
Solve for the quadratic for y 2nAs 2nAs d
y 
2
y 0
b b
 Cracked Transformed Section
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section

2nAs 2nAs d
y 
2
y 0
b b
1 3
I cr  by  nAs  d  y 
2

Es
Note: n
Ec
 Cracked Transformed Section
Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section
2 n  1 As  2nAs 2 n  1 As  2nAs d
y 
2
y 0
b b
1
I cr  by   n  1 As  y  d   nAs  d  y 
 
3 2 2

3
Note: Es
n
Ec
 Uncracked Transformed Section
Moment of inertia (uncracked doubly reinforced beam)
2
1  h 
I gt  bh  bh y  
3
 
       2
12
concrete

  n  1 As  y  d    n  1 As  y  d 
2 2
             
steel
Note:
1
Ig  bh 3

12
 Cracked Transformed Section
Finding the centroid of doubly reinforced T-Section

2t  be  bw   2 n  1 As  2nAs
y 
2
y
bw


 be  bw  t 2  2 n  1 As  2nAs d
0
bw
 Cracked Transformed Section
Finding the moment of inertia for
a doubly reinforced T-Section

2
1  t  1
   bw  y  t 
3
I cr  be y  bet y 
3
 
       2 3    
12
flange beam

  n  1 As  y  d   nAs  d  y 
2 2
           
steel
 Stiffness of Reinforced Concrete Sections
- Example
Given a doubly reinforced beam with h = 24 in, b = 12 in.,
d’ = 2.5 in. and d = 21.5 in. with 2# 7 bars in compression
steel and 4 # 7 bars in tension steel. The material
properties are fc = 4 ksi and fy= 60 ksi.
Determine Igt, Icr , Mcr(+), Mcr(-), and compare to the NA of
the beam.