Internal Use Only

ODP500021 IP QoS
Technology Principle

ISSUE 1.0 www.huawei.com

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 QoS is one of the most important
technologies for Telecom service.
QoS technologies can provide differential
services for different customers.

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 References

 VRP Operation Manual QoS Volume-(V5.30)

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 Upon completion of this course, you will be
able to:
 Understand QoS model
 Understand QoS functional module
 Understand QoS advance feature
 Understand QoS typical application

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 Chapter 1 QoS Models

Chapter 2 QoS Technologies

Chapter 3 Advanced QoS Technologies

Chapter 4 QoS Technologies Application

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 QOS Model------IntServ Model
I wa
n
I want a nt a ban t a
I wa width d
of 2 width I want a
bandwidth d
ban bps Mbp bandwidth
of 2Mbps M s
of 2 of 2Mbps

OK ！ OK ！
OK ！ OK ！

 Provide controllable end-to-end service.

 Network units support QoS control mechanism.

 The application applies to NM for specific QoS service.

 Signaling protocol deploys in network according to QoS request.

 RSVP is most frequently used.

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 DiffServ Model
DS domain service
provides strategic
PHB decision..
Different DS domains have different PHBs for realizing different
services. They provide cross-domain service via coordination of
SLA and TCA.
.

DiffServ Network DiffServ Network

SLA/TCA
Internal Internal
node Border Border node
node node
Border Border
On network borders. node node
Traffic control
1 Service classification
2 Traffic regulation
(Measuring/ Marking/Dropping
. Shaping) User’s network User’s network

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 Chapter 1 QoS Models

Chapter 2 QoS Technologies

Chapter 3 Advanced QoS Technologies

Chapter 4 QoS Technologies Application

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 Basic of QoS---Traffic Classification
 ACL Bandwidth Assure
 IP address (Source/Destinati EF Low Delay and
on) Jitter

 Protocol Type
Bandwidth Assure
 TCP/UDP Port (in/out)
Normal Delay and
 MAC Address AF Jitter
 Interface Index
 Marking
 IP Precedence Voice No Bandwidth
Assure
 DSCP Data Service BE Higher Delay and
Jitter
 EXP (MPLS) VOD Service
 802.1p (LAN Switch) VPN Service
 Frame Relay VOIP signal
 DLCI(PIPQ)
 ATM
 UBR, CBR, VBR-rt, VBR-nrt

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 DiffServ Signaling -- DSCP and IP Precedence
IP Packet Header
Version ToS
Length 1 Byte Len ID Offset TTL Proto FCS IP-SA IP-DA Data

•remark ip-precedence IP DSCP

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 77 ip-precedence-value Precedence

Data 3 bits 6 bits

IP Precedence ToS currently length

RFC1122 unused
0 1 RFC1349
2 3 Purpo Define Define the PHB
4 5 6 7 se Service (Per Hop
Class Behavior) a
•remark dscp
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 packet
dscp-value experiences at
each node
DSCP currently Comp IPv4 only IPv4/IPv6
RFC2474 unused atibilit
y

 DSCP and IP Precedence are two standards used in the industry

 DSCP is designed to be compatible to IP precedence, by defining code-points 'xxx000' as the
Class Selector code-points and the respective priority rules

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 DSCP, EXP, and Priority Mapping
Label EXP S TTL

MPLS EXP 0 1 2

TPID
Priority CFI VLAN ID
(tag protocol ID)

802.1P 2
0 1

EXP Service Color EXP Servic Color 802.1P Service Color 802.1 Service Color
e P

0 be green 4 af4 green 0 be green 4 af4 green

1 af1 green 5 ef green 1 af1 green 5 ef green

2 af2 green 6/7 Netwo green 2 af2 green 6 cs6 green

rk
Contr
3 af3 green green 3 af3 green 7 Cs7 green
ol

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 Congestion Management

Flow Classification

Output queue

 Packets of different services should be given different QoS priorities wh

ich stands for different transmission quality like time delay and drop pro
bability.
 Packets using different QoS priorities come into different queues and ar
e transferred differently.
 Five main queues: FIFO, PQ, CQ, WFQ, CBWFQ

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 FIFO

Forwarding packet

 FIFO (First In First Out) is simple

 First-In First-Out (FIFO) queuing--concepts of no communication priority and
classification
 FIFO is the default queuing

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 PQ

Flow
classification

High
Medium

drop Normal
Low

 PQ (Priority Queuing) guarantees that the data packet with higher pri
ority can be sent first
 PQ is divided into 4 queue ： High ， Medium ， Normal ， Lo
w
 Packets in high priority queues will be first transfered

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 CQ

Flow
classification

…
Queue 0

Queue 1

Queue 2
drop

…
Queue 16

 CQ (Custom queuing), that the user can configure the proportion of the
bandwidth for the different queue
 CQ is divided into 17queues: Queue 0 is the system queue; queue 1 to
queue 16 is the user queue.
 Each queue satisfies bandwidth the user configured on statistic

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 WFQ

Flow
classification

…
Queue 1

Queue 1

Queue 2
drop

…
Queue N

N=16,32…2048,4096

 WFQ (Weighted fair queuing), assures justice to services with identical priority.
 Maximum number of queues can be configured (16-4096)
 Use HASH algorithm to dispatches the data flow into different queues
 The weight is based on the priority

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 Congestion Avoidance

Bandwidth
utilization

time

 The traditional drop policy utilizes the Tail-Drop method

 The tail-drop may cause the TCP Global Synchronization

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 WRED

Flow
classification

…
Queue 1

Queue 1

Queue 2
Min-threshold

…
drop
Max-threshold Queue N

N=16,32…2048,4096

 WRED (Weighted Random Early Detection)

 WRED avoids the TCP global synchronization through the random drop packets
 Compare with the queue length to perform the drop
 Based on the different priority to define the min-threshold and max-threshold
 The same priority but different queue , the queue longer the packet drop more

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 Superior QoS Architecture
Congestion management

WFQ WFQ WFQ CBQ RR

input interface Output interface

SA
DA
SP RED
CAR
ACL

DP CAR WRED
protocol type
TOS
……
Packet sending
Receiving packets Flow VOQ Priority schedule
policing Fabric Flow schedule
schedule schedule Port schedule

Packet classification /remark Congestion check/avoidance

 Hardware based QoS, no performance degradation with QoS enabled.

 VOQ to avoid HOL blocking issue
 PQ/WFQ to guarantee QoS for different services, including time sensitive services (e.g.
voice) and bandwidth sensitive services (e.g. VOD)
 Superior 5 level scheduling mechanism to control bandwidth more precisely
 Support IP/MPLS DiffServ and DS-TE

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 Huge buffer Of Core routers

 One line card has maximal 512M byes space to cache packets coming into
system.
 Totally, system can provide 200ms packets caching in 10G wire-speed.

 This huge buffer reduce the chance of discarding low precedence flows in the
case of system congestion.

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 CAR ( Committed Access Rate)
Token Tokens enter bucket
bucket at a given speed

Flow Classification

drop

 CAR: Committed Access Rate

 Token barrel algorithm
 Control the traffic
 Shaping—Enable packet delay output of traffic flow accordance with
regulation on service model
 Dropping—discard packets according to different rules
 Marking—Set packets DS domain or IP priority value

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 NE Core Router Abundant CAR Resource--more

Support
Supportthe
thefollowing
followingcar
cartheory:
theory:
•Both ingress and egress  Single rate single token bucket
 Single rate single token bucket
color-blind
color-blindCAR.
CAR.
directions of Network Processor  Single rate single token bucket
 Single rate single token bucket
support CAR. color-aware
color-awareCAR.
CAR.
 Single rate two token bucket
• Support 16K CAR Processing  Single rate two token bucket
color-blind
color-blindCAR.
CAR.
simultaneously per line card.  Single rate two token bucket
 Single rate two token bucket
color-aware
color-awareCAR.
CAR.
• Scope of CAR rate can be
 Two rate two token bucket color-
 Two rate two token bucket color-
configured from 64K bps to 10G blind
blindCAR.
CAR.
bps  Two rate two token bucket color-
 Two rate two token bucket color-
aware
awareCAR.
CAR.
•Action of CAR can be discarding,
remarking and shaping.

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 GTS (Generic Traffic Shaping)
Token
128Kbps
Flow
256Kbps classification

Queue

bucket
128Kbps
FR

 GTS is to solve mismatch Interface rates of direct-connected line.

 GTS limits traffic and buffer packects exceeding traffic stipulated l

imit.
 Traffic shaping may increase transfer delay.

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 Chapter 1 QoS Models

Chapter 2 QoS Technologies

Chapter 3 Advanced QoS Technologies

Chapter 4 QoS Technologies Application

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 VOQ Mechanism

Left

right
Forbidden to pass
straight

HOL Switching efficiency decline

Impact ： VOQ improvement ：
• Low Switching efficiency • High switching efficiency
forbidden • Forwarding delay and jetta increased • Low delay and jetta
• More throughout put , worse QOS • No effect on QOS with throughout

VOQ mechanism of Distributed switching equipment is like the traffic problem

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 Back pressure mechanism

High priority
packet pass

High

middl
e
Low

Congestion; packet lost Back

with random packet pressure

Impact ： Improvement ：
•Random packet lost •Increase switching efficiency
•Not guarantee the High priority •Uniformity on delay and jetta
•More burst , worse of QOS •Less impact on QOS with though output

 Back pressure mechanism of distributed switching equipment is like the traffic proble
m
 NE core routers has the back pressure mechanism
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 Core router VOQ implementation
VOQ Application VOQ

Slot Q
Traffic Class 0
Slot Q
Switching
Slot Q Fabric
Scheduler
MC SFU
SFU
Interface

Slot Q
Slot Q
Traffic Class 1
Slot Q
Scheduler

MC

Line card
Interface 3+1
3+1redundant
redundant

Slot Q
Slot Q
Traffic Class 3
Slot Q Scheduler

MC

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 QPPB Concept

 QPPB: Qos Policy Propagation Through the Border Gateway Protocol Take QoS Tag
by BGP Community
 Basic Idea ：

 Requirement ：

− According to Destination to set QoS parameter, ACL configure is mandatory.

Network-wide configuration related routers are required to change configure w
hen network topology change, lots of configuration changes are required 。
− How to classify and group routes when advertise routes?

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 QPPB Technology
Routes announcing
20.0.0.0
•QOS Policy applied Forwarding packet EF
•Apply QoS policy on interface 30.0.0.0
Forwarding packet AF
AS 200
•20.0.0.0/8
•Packet sent with QOS DSCP Community: 100:1
30.0.0.0/8
If match community 100:1 Community:200:1
set 20.0.0.0/8 EF •Route Announced
If match community 200:1 Advertisement
set 30.0.0.0/8 AF 20.0.0.0/8
•Routes Arrived Set community
100:1
30.0.0.0/8
0

Set community
30

200:1
AS 100
AS

QPPB sender map the packet classification information to Routes

 BGP Routes carry the information classification
 QPPB receiver pickup the packet classification information which is as-path list, as-path, prefix-
list or community-list
 QPPB receiver map the QoS policy to the forwarding table
 Forwarding engine take action with QoS policy

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 Chapter 1 QoS Models

Chapter 2 QoS Technologies

Chapter 3 Advanced QoS Technologies

Chapter 4 QoS Technologies Application

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 Carriers’ IP MAN QoS Solution
•Diffserv PHB, achi
eve queuing and c
Internet Telecom Services
ongestion avoidan backbone backbone
ce Backbone network

Core Core
router router

MPLS/IP QOS
•Classification,
Marking & Traffic
L3 netwo limit MAN
rk

• Small conver
PE BRAS
BRAS gence ratio PE
• CAR Based o
n user L2 RPR
L2 netwo DSLAM • IEEE802.1P
Ethernet /MSTP/SDH
rk Broadband
Access Network
NGN Video OPEN Enterprise private
Internet access BTV VOD
voice phone EYE leased line

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Thank You
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