CHAPTER 3:

INDUCTION MOTOR
(CONT.)

NJ
FKEE, UMP
3.5 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 The AC IM is a rotating electric machine
designed to operate from a three-phase source
of alternating voltage.
 The stator is a classic three phase stator with
the winding displaced by 120°.
3.5 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Rotating Magnetic Field
 When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a 3 phase voltage supply, 3 phase
current will flow in the windings,
windings which also will induced 3 phase flux in the stator.
 These flux will rotate at a speed called a Synchronous Speed, ns. The flux is called
Rotating magnetic Field
 Synchronous speed = speed of rotating flux:

 Where; p = is the number of poles, and

f = the frequency of supply 120 f
ns =
p

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 3.5 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• At synchronous speed, there is no difference between
rotor speed and rotating field speed
• so no voltage is induced in the rotor bars and no current
flow, hence no torque is developed.
• Therefore, when running, the rotor must rotate slower
than the magnetic field.
• The rotor speed is just slow enough to cause the proper
amount of rotor current to flow, so that the resulting
torque is sufficient to overcome windage and friction
losses, and drive the load.

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3.5 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Slip, s
 This speed difference between the rotor and magnetic field is
called slip:

ns − nr
s= OR nr = ns (1 − s )
ns
 Where; ns = synchronous speed (rpm)
nr = mechanical speed of rotor (rpm)
 under normal operating conditions, s= 0.01 ~ 0.05, which is very
small and the actual speed is very close to synchronous speed.
 Note that : s is not negligible

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 3.5 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 Rotor Speed
 When the rotor move at rotor speed, nr (rps), the stator flux
will circulate the rotor conductor at a speed of (ns-nr) per
second. Hence, the frequency of the rotor is written as:
Note :
At stator : ns = 120p f
ns p f r = (ns − nr ) p
∴f = .....(i )
120 = sf
At Rotor : ns − nr = 120p f
(ns − nr ) p
∴ fr = .....(ii )
120
(ii ) ÷ (i ) : f r = s. f
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3.5 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 Torque producing mechanism
 When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a
3 phase voltage supply, 3 phase current will flow
in the windings,
windings hence the stator is energized.
 A rotating flux, Φ is produced in the air gap. The
Φ induces a voltage Ea in the rotor winding (like a
transformer).
 The induced voltage produces rotor current, if
rotor circuit is closed.
 The rotor current interacts with the flux Φ,
producing torque. The rotor rotates in the
direction of the rotating flux.
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3.5 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 Q: How to change the direction of rotation?

A: Change the phase sequence of the power

supply.

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3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
 Note:
● Never use three-phase equivalent circuit. Always
use per- phase equivalent circuit.
● The equivalent circuit always bases on the Y
connection regardless of the actual connection of
the motor.
motor
● IM equivalent circuit is very similar to the single-
phase equivalent circuit of transformer. It is
composed of stator circuit and rotor circuit

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3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
 Step1: Rotor winding is open
(The rotor will not rotate)

f f

 Note:
 the frequency of E2 is the same as that of E1 since the rotor is at
standstill. At standstill s=1.
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3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

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3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
 Step2 Rotor winding is shorted
(Under normal operating conditions, the rotor winding is shorted. The slip is s)

f fr

 Note:
 the frequency of E2 is fr=sf because rotor is rotating.
rotating

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3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
 Step3: Eliminate f2

Keep the rotor current same:

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3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
 Step 4: Referred to the stator side

 Note:
 X’2 and R’2 will be given or measured.
 Always refer the rotor side parameters to stator side.
 Rc represents core loss (of stator side).
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3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
 IEEE recommended equivalent circuit

 Note:
 Rc is omitted. The core loss is lumped with the
rotational loss. 15
3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
 IEEE recommended equivalent circuit
I1 X1 R1 X 2' R2'
1− s
V1 R2'
Xm s

Note: R2 can be separated into 2 PARTS

s
R2 R2 (1 − s )
= R2 +
s s
 Purpose :
 to obtain the developed mechanical
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3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Analysis of Induction Machines
 For simplicity, let assume
RR '
Is=I1 , IR=I2 ZR = + jX R ' ;
s
(s=stator, R=rotor) Z m = Rc // jX m ; Rc ≠ neglected
Is1 φ Im1 φ IR1 φ Z m = jX m ; Rc = neglected
Zs
Z s = Rs + jX s ;
Vs1 φ Zm ZR Z Total = Z s + [ Z m // Z R ]

Vs 1φ
I s1φ =
ZT

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3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Analysis of Induction Machines

Current Dividing Rules ,

Is1 φ Im1 φ IR1 φ  ZR 
Zs I m1φ = I s1φ
Z m +Z R 
Vs1 φ Zm ZR  Zm 
I R1φ = I s1φ

Voltage
Z
 m +Z R 

Dividing Rules ,
OR
Z R // Z m 
VRM 1φ
= Vs1φ
 Z T 
Note : 1hp =746Watt VRM 1φ 
Hence , I R1φ = 
 ZR 
VRM 1φ 
I m1φ = 
 Z m  18
 Example 1
1. A 4 poles, 3φ Induction Motor operates from a
supply which frequency is 50Hz. Calculate:
a. The speed at which the magnetic field is rotating
b. The speed of the rotor when slip is 0.04
c. The frequency of the rotor when slip is 3%.
d. The frequency of the rotor at standstill

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Example 2
2. A 500hp, 3φ 6 poles, 50Hz Induction Motor has a speed of
950rpm on full load. Calculate the slip.

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Example 3
3. If the emf in the rotor of an 8 poles Induction Motor has a
frequency of 1.5Hz and the supply frequency is 50Hz.
Calculate the slip and the speed of the motor.

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Example 4
4. A 440V, 50Hz, 6 poles, Y connected induction motor is
rated at 135hp. The equivalent circuit parameters are :
Rs=0.084Ω RR’=0.066Ω
Xs=0.2Ω XR’=0.165Ω
s = 5% Xm=6.9Ω
Determine the stator current, magnetism current and rotor
current.

[177.6∠ − 24.34o A, 170.44∠ − 13.76o A, 32.85∠ − 96.63o A]

Solution
Given V=440V, p=6, f=50Hz, 135hp
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Example 4 (Cont – 1st
Method)

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Example 4 (Cont – 2nd
Method)

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3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Power Flow Diagram
3Vs I s cos θ 1hp = 746 W

Pin (Motor) Pdeveloped

Pin (Rotor) Pout, Po
Pmechanical
PairGap
Pin (Stator) Pconverted
(Pag )
(Pm)
RR ' 1 −s 
2 3I R '2 RR '  
3I R '  s 
s

Pstatorcopper Pcoreloss Protorcopper Pwindage,friction,etc

loss, (Pscu ) (Pc) loss (Prcu ) (Pµ -
2
2 VRM  3I R '2 RR ' Given)
3I s Rs 3
 R 

 c  25
 3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Power Flow Diagram
 Ratio:

Pag Prcu Pm
RR ' 2 1 −s 
2
3I R ' 3I R ' RR ' 3 I R ' 2 RR '  
s  s 
1 1
1 −1
s s
1 s 1 −s

Ratio makes the analysis simpler to find the value of the

particular power if we have another particular power. For
example:
Prcu s
= 26
Pm 1 − s
3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Efficiency
Pout
η= ×100 %
Pin
if Plosses are given ,
Po =Pin −Plosses
Po =Pm −Pµ
otherwise ,
Pin = 3 Vs I s cos θ
Pout = x hp ×746 W =746 x Watt
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 Example 5 (Cont from Ex

4)
Calculate
i. Stator Copper Loss
ii. Air Gap Power
iii. Power converted from electrical to mechanical power
iv. Output power
v. Motor efficiency

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3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Torque-Equation
 Torque, can be derived from power equation in term of
mechanical power or electrical power.
2π n
Power , P = ωT , where ω = (rad / s )
60
60 P
Hence , T =
2π n
Thus ,
60 Pm
Mechanical Torque , Tm =
2πnr
60 Po
Output Torque , To =
2πnr 29
 3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
 Note that, Mechanical torque can be written in terms of circuit
parameters. This is determined by using approximation method

Torque-speed characteristic
RR '
Pm = 3I R '2 (1 − s ) and Pm = ωrTm Tm
Tmax
s
 2 RR ' 
 3 I ' (1 − s ) 
P R
s
∴Tm = m =  
ωr  ωr 
 
Tst
...
...
...

 3(VRM φ ) 2  sR R '  s=1 smax ns

∴Tm =   2 
 2π n s  (
 R R ' ) 2
+ ( sX R ' )  smax is the slip for Tmax to occur 30
3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Starting Torque, s = 1
 
 3(V )  
2
RR ' 
sφ
∴Tst =    2
 2π  ns    ( Rs + RR ' ) + ( X s + X R ' ) 
2

  60  

 RR ' 
smax = ± 

 ( R s ) +( X R ' ) 
2 2

 
 3(V ) 2  
1
Tmax = sφ  
   ns   Rs + ( Rs ) 2 + ( X s + X R ' ) 2 
2 2π 60   
     31
Example 6 (Cont from Ex
4)Calculate

v. Mechanical torque
vi. Output torque
vii.Starting torque
viii.Maximum torque and maximum slip

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3.7 SPEED CONTROL
 There are 3 types of speed control of 3 phase induction
machines
i. Varying rotor resistance
ii. Varying supply voltage

iii. Varying supply voltage and supply frequency

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3.7 SPEED CONTROL
Varying rotor resistance
 For wound rotor only
T
 Speed is decreasing
 Constant maximum torque
R1< R2< R3
 The speed at which max R1
nr1 < nr2 < nr3
R2
torque occurs changes R3
T
 Disadvantages:
 large speed regulation

 Power loss in Rext – nr3 nr2 nr1 n ~n n

s NL
reduce the efficiency
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3.7 SPEED CONTROL
Varying supply voltage
 Maximum torque changes
 The speed which at max T

V1
torque occurs is constant (at V
decreasing
max torque, XR=RR/s V2 V1> V2 > V3
nr1 > nr2 > nr3
V3
 Relatively simple method –
uses power electronics T
circuit for voltage controller
 Suitable for fan type load
 Disadvantages : nr3 nr2 nr1 n ~n n
s NL

 Large speed regulation

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since ~ ns
3.7 SPEED CONTROL
Varying supply voltage and supply frequency
 The best method since supply T f
voltage and supply frequency is decreasing

varied to keep V/f constant

 Maintain speed regulation
 uses power electronics circuit
T
for frequency and voltage
controller
 Constant maximum torque nr3 nr2 nr1 nNL1 n
nNL3 nNL2

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 THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION!!
HAVE A NICE
HOLIDAY!

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