Discrete Mathematics

Discrete Mathematics
Trees
Searching takes time . . .
So the goal in computer programs is to find
any stored item efficiently when all stored
items are ordered.
A Binary Search Tree can be used to store

items in its vertices. It enables efficient
searches.
2
A Binary Search Tree (BST) is . . .
A special kind of binary tree in which:
1. Each vertex contains a distinct key value,
2. The key values in the tree can be compared using
“greater than” and “less than”, and
3. The key value of each vertex in the tree is
less than every key value in its right subtree, and
greater than every key value in its left subtree.
Shape of a binary search tree . . .
Depends on its key values and their order of insertion.
Insert the elements ‘J’ ‘E’ ‘F’ ‘T’ ‘A’ in that order.
The first value to be inserted is put into the root.
‘J’
4
Inserting ‘E’ into the BST
Thereafter, each value to be inserted begins by comparing
itself to the value in the root, moving left it is less, or
moving right if it is greater. This continues at each
level until it can be inserted as a new leaf.
‘J’
‘E’
5
Inserting ‘F’ into the BST
Begin by comparing ‘F’ to the value in the root,

moving left it is less, or moving right if it is greater.
This continues until it can be inserted as a leaf.
‘J’
‘E’
‘F’
6
Inserting ‘T’ into the BST
Begin by comparing ‘T’ to the value in the root, moving left

it is less, or moving right if it is greater. This continues
until it can be inserted as a leaf.
‘J’
‘E’ ‘T’
‘F’
7
Inserting ‘A’ into the BST
Begin by comparing ‘A’ to the value in the root, moving left

it is less, or moving right if it is greater. This continues
until it can be inserted as a leaf.
‘J’
‘E’ ‘T’
‘A’ ‘F’
8
What binary search tree . . .
is obtained by inserting
the elements ‘A’ ‘E’ ‘F’ ‘J’ ‘T’ in that order?
‘A’
9
Binary search tree . . .
obtained by inserting
the elements ‘A’ ‘E’ ‘F’ ‘J’ ‘T’ in that order.
‘A’
‘E’
‘F’
‘J’
‘T’
10
Another binary search tree
‘J’
‘E’ ‘T’
‘A’ ‘H’ ‘M’
‘K’ ‘P’
11
Add nodes containing these values in this order:
‘D’ ‘B’ ‘L’ ‘Q’ ‘S’ ‘V’ ‘Z’
‘J’
‘E’ ‘T’
‘A’ ‘H’ ‘M’ ‘V’
‘D’ ‘K’ ‘P’ ‘Z’
‘B’ ‘L’ ‘Q’
‘S’
12
Is ‘F’ existing in Tree?
‘J’
‘E’ ‘T’
‘A’ ‘H’ ‘M’ ‘V’
‘D’ ‘K’ ‘P’ ‘Z’
‘B’ ‘L’ ‘Q’
‘S’
13
BST for mathematics, physics, geography, zoology,
meteorology,
geology, psychology, and chemistry
14
meteorology,
15
meteorology,
16
meteorology,
17
meteorology,
18
meteorology,
19
meteorology,
20
meteorology,
21
Tree Traversal
 Tree traversal is a procedure for
systematically visiting every vertex of
an ordered binary tree.
 Tree traversals are defined recursively.
 Three traversals are named:
preorder,
inorder,
postorder.
22
PREORDER Traversal
Let T be an ordered binary tree with root r.
The preorder traversal begins:
by visiting root first.
Then traverses left subtree in preorder
Then traverses right subtree in preorder.
23
Preorder Traversal: J E A H T M Y
Visit first.
ROOT
‘J’
‘E’ ‘T’
‘A’ ‘H’ ‘M’ ‘Y’
Visit left subtree second Visit right subtree last

24
INORDER Traversal
The inorder traversal begins:

By traversing left subtree in inorder.
Then visits root
Then traverses right subtree in inorder.
25
Inorder Traversal: A E H J M T Y
Visit second
ROOT
‘J’
‘E’ ‘T’
‘A’ ‘H’ ‘M’ ‘Y’
Visit left subtree first Visit right subtree last

26
POSTORDER Traversal
The postorder traversal begins:
By traversing left subtree in Postorder
Then traverses right subtree in Postorder
Then ends by visiting r.
27
Postorder Traversal: A H E M Y T J
Visit last
ROOT
‘J’
‘E’ ‘T’
‘A’ ‘H’ ‘M’ ‘Y’
Visit left subtree first Visit right subtree second

28
Do it Yourself
29
Results
Pre-order
In-order
Post-order
30
A Binary Expression Tree is . . .
A special kind of binary tree in which:
1. Each leaf node contains a single operand,
2. Each nonleaf node contains a single binary
operator, and
3. The left and right subtrees of an operator
node represent subexpressions that must be
evaluated before applying the operator at
the root of the subtree.
31
A Binary Expression Tree
ROOT
‘-’
‘8’ ‘5’
INORDER TRAVERSAL: 8 - 5 has value 3
PREORDER TRAVERSAL: - 8 5
POSTORDER TRAVERSAL: 8 5 -
32
‘*’
‘+’ ‘3’
‘4’ ‘2’
What value does it have?
( 4 + 2 ) * 3 = 18
33
‘*’
‘+’ ‘3’
‘4’ ‘2’
What infix, prefix, postfix expressions does it represent?
34
‘*’
‘+’ ‘3’
‘4’ ‘2’
Infix: ((4+2)*3)
Prefix: * + 4 2 3 evaluate from right
Postfix: 4 2 + 3 * evaluate from left
35
Levels Indicate Precedence
When a binary expression tree is used to
represent an expression, the levels of the
nodes in the tree indicate their relative
precedence of evaluation.
Operations at higher levels of the tree are

evaluated later than those below them.
The operation at the root is always the
last operation performed.
36
Evaluate
this binary expression tree
‘*’
‘-’ ‘/’
‘8’ ‘5’ ‘+’ ‘3’
‘4’ ‘2’
What infix, prefix, postfix expressions does it represent?

37
A binary expression tree
‘*’
‘-’ ‘/’
‘8’ ‘5’ ‘+’ ‘3’
‘4’ ‘2’
Infix: ((8-5)*((4+2)/3))
Prefix: *-85 /+423
Postfix: 85- 42+3/*
38
A binary expression tree
‘*’
‘-’ ‘/’
‘8’ ‘5’ ‘+’ ‘3’
‘4’ ‘2’
Infix: ((8-5)*((4+2)/3))
Prefix: *-85 /+423 evaluate from right
Postfix: 85- 42+3/* evaluate from left
39
((8-5)*((4+2)/3))
= ((3) * ((6)/3))
= (3 * (2))
=6
40
*-85 /+423
= * - 8 5 / (4 +2) 3
=*-85/63
= * - 8 5 (6 / 3)
=*-852
= * (8 – 5) 2
=*32
=3*2
=6
41
85- 42+3/*
= (8 – 5) 4 2 + 3 / *
=342+3/*
= 3 (4 + 2) 3 / *
=363/*
= 3 (6 / 3) *
=32*
=3*2
=6
42
References
 Discrete Mathematics’ by Rosen, 7th

Edition
 Section 11.2
 Section 11.3
43

Discrete Mathematics

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A Binary Search Tree can be used to store

Begin by comparing ‘F’ to the value in the root,

Begin by comparing ‘T’ to the value in the root, moving left

Begin by comparing ‘A’ to the value in the root, moving left

‘A’ ‘H’ ‘M’

‘A’ ‘H’ ‘M’ ‘V’

‘D’ ‘K’ ‘P’ ‘Z’

‘B’ ‘L’ ‘Q’

‘A’ ‘H’ ‘M’ ‘V’

‘D’ ‘K’ ‘P’ ‘Z’

‘B’ ‘L’ ‘Q’

‘A’ ‘H’ ‘M’ ‘Y’

Visit left subtree second Visit right subtree last

The inorder traversal begins:

‘A’ ‘H’ ‘M’ ‘Y’

Visit left subtree first Visit right subtree last

‘A’ ‘H’ ‘M’ ‘Y’

Visit left subtree first Visit right subtree second

INORDER TRAVERSAL: 8 - 5 has value 3

What value does it have?

What infix, prefix, postfix expressions does it represent?

Operations at higher levels of the tree are

‘8’ ‘5’ ‘+’ ‘3’

What infix, prefix, postfix expressions does it represent?

‘8’ ‘5’ ‘+’ ‘3’

‘8’ ‘5’ ‘+’ ‘3’

 Discrete Mathematics’ by Rosen, 7th

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