Topic 2:

OP-AMPS
(Fundamentals of Op-Amps)

Last Updated: July 8,2007 1

 Schmitt Trigger
Vo  V V1  V
  0; 1
nR R
V  V  V2 ; 2
Vo  V2 V1  V2
  0; 2 in 1
nR R
Vo  V2  V1n  V2 n 1 Vsat 
 0; Vut 1  V2 (  1)  ;
n n Equation 1
nR
1 Vsat
Vo  V2  V1n  V2 n  0; Vlt1  V2 (  1)  ; Equation 2
n n
Vo  V2 (1  n)  V1n  0; Vhysterysis  Vut 1  Vlt1 ;
V (1  n)  Vo Vsat 
Vhysterysis   
Vsat
; Equation 3
V1  2 ; Assume V2 is
n n
n fixed;
Calculate for V1 Vsat   Vsat  Equation 4
1 V n
V1  V2 (  1)  o ; Vhysterysis
n n
Last Updated: July 8,2007 2
 Schmitt Trigger
Given:

Vsat+ = +12V Vut = +5V

Vsat- = -12V Vlt = -5V

Solution:

1 Vsat  Vhysterysis = +5V – (-5V) = 10V

Vut 1  V2 (  1)  ;
n n Equation 1 n = [+12V – (-12V)]/10V
1 Vsat n = 2.4
Vlt1  V2 (  1)  ; Equation 2
n n Let R = 10k Thus;
Vhysterysis  Vut 1  Vlt1 ; nR = 2.4 x 10k
nR = 24k
Vsat  Vsat
Vhysterysis    ; Equation 3
n n Vref (V2) = [5V + (-12V/2.4)]/[(1/2.4)+1]
Vsat   Vsat  Equation 4 = 0 volts
n
Vhysterysis

Last Updated: July 8,2007

Schmitt Trigger

Equivalent Circuit

Last Updated: July 8,2007 4

 Window Comparator
12
12V

10

R1 R4
8
7k 100k
X1
6

X1-inn 4

R2 lmv 393
2
5k
-12V
0
V

12V
-2
X2
V3
-4
X2-out

-6
R3 R5 lmv 393
5k 7k -8

-10

-12V -120 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Time/Secs 200mSecs/div

Last Updated: July 8,2007 5

 END

Last Updated: July 8,2007 6