Dynamic behavior of scaled box type

stabilized earth and fired clay block

masonry building models

K S Nanjunda Rao

Department of Civil Engineering

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, INDIA
 Presentation Outline
 Objectives
 Performance of masonry buildings during past earthquakes
 Historical development of base shaking apparatus and Shock
table test facility at IISc
 Experimental program and construction of building models
 Testing of building models
 Results
 Failure patterns and analysis
 Conclusions
 Acknowledgements
 Objectives
1) Simulate the damage patterns, behavior and failure
mechanism in scaled masonry building models similar to
those observed in prototype buildings during earthquakes.
2) Assess the effectiveness of earthquake resistant provisions
in the current Bureau of Indian Standards code of practice
IS 4326:1993 for masonry building construction.
3) Address the issue of deficiency in seismic resistance of
masonry buildings by introducing new features and to
understand their contribution in enhancing the seismic
safety.
Seismic zone map of India (IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2016)

Zone PGA
II 0.1g
III 0.16g
IV 0.24g
V 0.36g

Zone II
Zone III
Zone IV
Zone V
 Earthquake Resistant Design Concepts for Masonry Buildings
BIS CODAL PROVISIONS (IS: 4326-1993)

 HORIZONTAL RC BANDS AT LINTEL AND

ROOF LEVELS
 VERTICAL STEEL AT CORNERS, JUNCTIONS
AND DOOR & WINDOW JAMBS

Typical modes of failure of masonry wall

under combined action of vertical &
in-plane lateral load
Mode of failure of masonry wall under combined action of vertical &
out-of-plane lateral load

Reinforcement near
the surface on both
faces

Link connecting
Reinforcement at centre the vertical
reinforcement

Containment reinforcement as an Earthquake Resistant Feature (ERF)

Schematic view of masonry building with improved earthquake resistant features
Performance of masonry buildings during past earthquakes
Earthquake of September 30, 1993 (3.56 hours) Latur, Maharashtra, India
Magnitude 6.4 on RIchter scale, 3 aftershocks on the same day. Epicentre near Killari, Latur district .
Extensive damage to life and property.
Statistics: 7,928 people killed, 16,000 people injured, 15,854 livestock killed. 52 villages raised to ground,
30,000 houses collapsed, 2,11,000 houses in 13 districts suffered damages of varying degree.

Out-of plane collapse of wall of a Timber post supported wall of a shop

school building (Sastur) building intact after earthquake (Sastur)
 Earthquake of January 26, 2001 (8.46 hours), Bhuj, Gujarat, India
Moment magnitude was 7.7 (6.9 on the Richter scale), Epicentre near village of Chobari in Bhachau
Taluka of Kutch District. Extensive damage to life and property.

Statistics: 13,805 deaths,  6.3 million people affected, losses 5 billion US$, Number of buildings
destroyed ~ 300,000, Number of buildings damaged ~ 700,000.

Out-of-plane collapse of sandstone in House with lintel band and columns

lime mortar masonry wall (MORBI) (SAMAKHYALI) Wall flexure – RC roof
stone-in-CM (Lodhrani)
 Collapse of walls between
Out-of-plane failure of wall leading to openings (KHAVDA)
Corner failure in presence of
collapse of lintel band (BHUJ)
corner reinforcement (BHUJ)

Typical X-cracks in adobe walls due to

in-plane seismic action
Typical shear cracks (X-cracks) in
Separation of walls at corner window piers of brick masonry
(Posocje, Slovenia, 1976) building (Budva, Montenegro, 1979)
 Historical development of Base Shaking Apparatus to imitate Earthquakes
Source
1. Rogers F J (1906) “Experiments with a
Shaking Machine”, Bull. Seis. Soc. of
America, Vol. 20, 1930, pp.147-159.

2. Severn R T (2011) “The Development of

Shaking Tables – A Historical Note”,
Earthquake Engg. and Structural Dyn.,
Vol. 40, pp.193 -213.

The Milne-Omori railway truck shaking table (1890s)

in Japan

The shaking table designed and developed by Rogers F J

at Stanford University in 1906
Railway wagon shock table test facility at IIT Roorkee, INDIA
(Developed by Keightly in 1977)

Schematic view of the facility

Photographs of the facility

Shock table test facility at IISc

𝒗 =√ 2 𝒈𝒉
 
Velocity of impact,
𝟏
 
𝟐
Energy, 𝑬= 𝒎 𝒗
𝟐
“h” is height of release
“m” is mass of pendulum
“g” is acceleration due to gravity
Typical Earthquake ground motion records
Earthquake ground motions
can be considered as a series
of random impulses with
differing amplitude and
duration characteristics
 Experimental Program
Model-2
Model-1

Geometric details of half scale masonry building models.

Model-3

Model-4 Model-5
Construction of Building Models
Model – 3
Scale: Half
Size & type of masonry units:
(225×105×75)mm; Fired clay
brick
Mortar: 1 (Cement) : 6 (Sand)
RC roof slab
Masonry bond: Stretcher
ERF: RC band at lintel level
Model – 1
Scale: One-forth
Size & type of masonry units: (90×40×40)mm; SMB
Mortar: 1 (Cement) : 10 (Lime) : 20 (Sand)
Masonry bond: English
No RC roof
ERF: RC band at lintel and roof levels, vertical
reinforcement (4 mm diameter GI wire) at four
corners as per IS 4326 – 1993.
Model – 2
Same as model 1 except ERF.
ERF: RC band at sill, lintel and roof levels, vertical
reinforcement on the both faces hugging the
masonry wall adjacent to all openings and at corners
(4 mm diameter GI wire) with links connecting the
reinforcement on the opposite faces through each
bed joint)
Models – 4 and 5
Scale: Half; RC roof slab
Size & type of masonry units: (230×108×70)mm; SMB
Mortar: 1 (Cement) : 1 (Soil) : 6 (Sand)
Masonry bond: Stretcher
ERF: Same as Model 2 except that the vertical
reinforcement is near surface (embedded in grove
and grouted)
 Testing of Building Models

Isometric view of model - 4 with details of instrumentation for recording the response.
“A” refers to accelerometer location and “S” refers to location of electrical resistance strain gauge
 Instrumented impact hammer test was conducted and circle fit method was
employed to determine the natural frequencies and damping of Model – 4.
 Impact hammer test: Natural frequency and Damping
Circle fit method Hammer impact was given close to location A2;
(He and Fu, 2001) FRF at locations A4, A6 and A8

Nyquist plot Location A8

Fundamental natural frequency: 18.53 Hz

Average damping of fundamental mode: 5.26 %
Input acceleration time histories of shake table test protocol of Model -5

Building Model Fundamental Higher Mode
number Natural Freq (Hz)
1 71.23
2 77.73
3 24.84
4 18.53
Results
Building Model Cumulative impact
number energy (N-m)
Freq (Hz)
1 9360
(after 9th Impact)
2 15104
(after 12th Impact)
3 21083
38.75
(fifth mode
(after 12th Impact)
bending)
4 22145
(after 19th impact)

Damping ratio of Model – 4 corresponding to fundamental

and fifth modes are 5.26% and 2.9% respectively
 Failure patterns and analysis
(c)
Model -1

Model -2
Model - 1
View of cracks in wall CW-1 of model - 1 after 5 th impact. View of failure pattern of models 1 & 2 after 9 th impact

(b)

Model-3
Model-3 Out-of-plane flexure failure of wall
Model -2 CW-1 and shear failure of wall SW-2 of
Diagonal shear cracks in wall SW-2
View of cracks in wall CW-1 of model - 2 after Model - 3 after 12th impact
of model -3 after 5th impact
5th impact.
Model - 4

(a) Flexure cracks in wall CW-1; (b) Shear cracks in wall SW-1 after 19th impact
 Conclusions
1. The shock table test protocol developed has been successful in
evaluating the dynamic behavior of scaled masonry building
models and in simulating the failure patterns as observed in
damage surveys after the earthquakes.
2. The earthquake resistance features suggested by the Bureau of
Indian standards (IS 4326:1993) are found to be inadequate in
preventing collapse of masonry buildings during severe ground
shaking.
3. The provision of vertical reinforcement hugging the masonry
wall in addition to RC band at sill level is effective in limiting
damage and ensuring seismic safety.
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere thanks to my Institution
“Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India”
for the encouragement and supported extended to me in
conducting this research and for enabling me to participate
in this conference

Thank you