Introducción: Análisis Instrumental

1
Introducción
Análisis Instrumental
05/31/2020
2 Electromagnetic Spectrum
 The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all

types of EM radiation
 The electromagnetic spectrum from lowest

energy/longest wavelength(at the top) to highest
energy/shortest wavelength (at the bottom).
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Dr. Barbara Matton, Meredith Gibb, Phil Newman. (2014). Electromagnetic Spectrum. mayo/2014, de NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
Sitio web: http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html
3 Electromagnetic radiation
 Fig. 2 Electromagnetic radiation
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 Longitud de onda – distancia entre crestas
 Frecuencia – número de ciclos por segundo
 Amplitud- altura de la onda
Largo de onda = 
Amplitud
 Fig. 3 Elementos de una onda
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 Mientras más corta la longitud de onda, mayor es la
frecuencia.
 Mientras más alta la frecuencia, mayor es la energía
que gana.
 Cuando una molécula absorbe radiación, gana energía
 Measuring electromagnetic radiation
6  Electromagnetic radiation can be expressed in terms of energy, wavelength, or frequency.
Frequency is measured in cycles per second, or Hertz. Wavelength is measured in meters.
Energy is measured in electron volts.
 Each of these three quantities for describing EM radiation are related to each other in a
precise mathematical way.
Dr. Barbara Matton, Meredith Gibb, Phil Newman. (2014). Electromagnetic Spectrum. mayo/2014, de NASA's Goddard Space
Flight Center. Sitio web: http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html 05/31/2020
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8 What is spectroscopy?
 Studying the properties of matter through its interaction with different frequency
components of the electromagnetic spectrum.
 Latin: “spectron”—ghost or spirit

 Greek: “ σκοπειν ”—to see
 With light, you aren’t looking directly at the molecule—the matter—but its “ghost.” You
observe the light’s interaction with different degrees of freedom of the molecule. Each type
of spectroscopy—different light frequency—gives a different picture → the spectrum.
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9 Regions of spectrum and types of spectroscopy.
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 Fig 7 Types of spectroscopy
 Fig 8. X-Rays
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 Spectroscopy is a general methodology that can be adapted in many

ways to extract the information you need (energies of electronic,
vibrational, rotational states, structure and symmetry of molecules,
dynamic information).
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 Organic structures can be determined accurately and quickly by spectroscopy
Clayden, Greeves, Warren and Wothers. (2001). Organic Chemistry. New York: Oxford.
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Outline of structure determination by spectroscopy
Put yourself in these situations.
 Finding an unknown product from a chemical reaction
 Discovering an unknown compound from Nature
 Detecting a suspected food contaminant
 Routinely checking purity during the manufacture of a drug
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14 Example
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Now we must go through each of these methods and see how they give the information they
do.
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16 What does a spectrum measure?
 Interaction of light with a sample can influence the sample and/or the light.
 Method involves: (1) excitation and (2) detection.
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 We measure the absorption of light at different frequency or wavelength.
Dr. Mircea Gheorghiu (Laboratory Director) Prof. Andrei Tokmakoff. (2007). Advanced Chemical Experimentation and Instrumentation. 2014, de MIT OpenCourseWare Sitio
web: http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemistry/5-33-advanced-chemical-experimentation-and-instrumentation-fall-2007/
05/31/2020
18 What are the axes?
 X-axis: Characterizes the input light in terms of frequency-

wavelength-energy
 Wavelength λ (nm, µm, Å),

 Frequency ν (cycles/sec or s-1 or Hz)
 Energy E (expressed as eV or as cm-1)
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19  y-axis:
Absorption
I0 = light intensity incident on the sample

I = light intensity after the sample
ε = molar decadic extinction coefficient (M−1cm −1)
c = concentration (M)
L = sample length (cm)
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20 How do your measure absorption spectra?
 Measure the change of intensity of light at different frequencies as it

passes through a sample.
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 Fourier transform spectrometers:
22  This is a way of processing all wavelength/frequencies simultaneously →
 IR/NMR
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24 Conclusión
 1.-¿Qué es el espectro electromagnético?

 2- ¿Qué es un espectro, cómo se genera y qué información aparece en cada uno de los ejes
X y Y?
 3.- ¿Qué es la espectroscopía?
 4- Mencione los tipos de espectroscopía y sus aplicaciones
 5.- Mencione dos tipos de radiaciones EM y el efecto que provoca c/u en las moléculas
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25 Anexos
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26  In most spectroscopies, we characterize how a sample modifies light
entering it.
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27 2) Emission: Excitation induces emission of light from the
sample (usually of different frequency).
Includes: Fluorescence
Phosphorescence
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28 3) Optical Rotation: Change of phase of light
incident on sample (rotation of polarization)
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Let’s work on describing absorption.
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 Let’s look at a typical absorption spectrum.

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 Two types of spectrometers:
30  1) Dispersive
 2) Fourier transform
Dispersive spectrometer: Separate different frequency components

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 The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all

 The electromagnetic spectrum from lowest

 Fig. 2 Electromagnetic radiation

 Latin: “spectron”—ghost or spirit

 Spectroscopy is a general methodology that can be adapted in many

 Organic structures can be determined accurately and quickly by spectroscopy

Put yourself in these situations.

 Finding an unknown product from a chemical reaction

 Discovering an unknown compound from Nature

 Detecting a suspected food contaminant

 Routinely checking purity during the manufacture of a drug

 We measure the absorption of light at different frequency or wavelength.

 X-axis: Characterizes the input light in terms of frequency-

 Wavelength λ (nm, µm, Å),

I0 = light intensity incident on the sample

 Measure the change of intensity of light at different frequencies as it

 1.-¿Qué es el espectro electromagnético?

 Let’s look at a typical absorption spectrum.

Dispersive spectrometer: Separate different frequency components

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