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• 2 categories of article
– Indefinite article; a, an
– Definite article; the
• Indefinite Article - a, an
– For a single thing that can be counted
• a girl,
• a tiger,
• an airport
– We call these singular countable nouns.
– Do not use a or an
• before a plural name
• Before the name of a thing that cannot be counted.
– Do not use an before a word that a vowel that
make ‘you’ sound. Use a instead.
• A European
• A university
– Use an before a word that begin with
• a vowel sound by letters a, e, i ,o, u
• a silent h
– An hour
– An honour
– An honest boy
• Letters spoken with a vowel sound
– An ‘A’ for English exam
– An SMS from a friend
– Use a before
• the common name that we give to people, animals,
places and things
– A schoolboy
– A bicycle
– Use a or an
• Before a word that describes a single person or thing.
• Before the name of occupation
• When mention a person or thing for the first time
• To show which country a person comes from.
• When counting or measuring thing
– The fish costs RM40 a kilo.
• Definite article – The
– Use the
• Before the name that can be counted.
• Before the name that cannot be counted.
• When people already know exactly which person or
thing you are talking about.
• When you refer to something for a second time.
• With groups that represent the whole class of people
or thing.
• For familiar things or because it is only one of its kind.
• Before ordinals
• Before superlatives
• Do not use a, an or the before
– the people’s names and titles.
– the name of most roads, villages, towns, cities,
states and countries.
– the names of holidays, festivals and events that
are celebrated yearly when we refer them in
general.
– the names of nationalities and languages when we
talk about them in general.
– names of meals or food when referring in general
– general names of sports or leisure activities
– The names of colours when you speak in general
– The names of days or months of the year or
seasons, in general sense
– Abstract noun that are used in a general sense
– The name of diseases or illnesses.
2 Size 7 Origin
3 Condition 8 Material
5 Shape 10 purpose
Conjunctions
• A linking or a joining word
• To connect words and sentences.
Conjunction Explanation
And To join words or sentences that share
same value or function
Because To join words or sentences that has
cause and effect
But To join words or sentences that are
not same kind and unexpected
or To give a choice
Verb
• English verb can be made up of a verb and
another verb.
• Verb that combine with prepositions are
called as prepositional verb whereas those
that combine with adverb are called as
phrasal verb.
• Prepositional verb
– In this combination, the preposition has an object.
– Example
• The cat jumped off the table.
• My parents are looking at my report card.
• Phrasal verb
– When the phrasal verb has an object, the adverb
can be put before or after it.
– If the object is a pronoun or functions like one,
then the adverb must be put after the pronoun.
Wh- questions
• Wh- questions is purposely to ask a question
– What => to ask about people and things
• What is that boy’s name?
• What did you do yesterday?
– Who and Whom => to ask about people or to
identify them.
• Who is that woman?
• To whom did you give it?
– Where => to ask about a place or position of
something
• Where do you live?
• Where are all the boys?
– Which => to ask about a choice
• Which drink do you like best?
– Why => to ask about reason
• Why were they late?
– When => to ask about time
• When will he arrive?
– Whose => to ask about who is the owner
• Whose pen is this?
– How => to ask about the way something is done or
to find out the condition
• How is the soup?
– How many => to ask about numbers
• How many candles are there?
Question Tags
• Usually a short question added to the end of a
statement
• Made up of an auxiliary verb or a modal verb
and a pronoun as the subject.
• Usually contract or shorten the negative form
of the verb in a question tag.
• When you say something positive, use a
negative question tag in order to get a yes
answer.
Positive statement Negative tag Expected response
Am Was I
Are Were You
Is Was He / She / It
are were They / We
– example :
• I was playing the piano for them.
• They were crying this morning.
• Use not with the past continuous tense to turn
it into the negative.
– I was not talking to you.
– My parents were not feeling well all last week.
• Some verbs are not usually used in past
continuous tense such as recognise, own,
forget and fear.
– But, in informal speech we normally break this
rules
Simple Future Tense
• Future Tense is used to tell us that the action
describe by the verb will take place at some
point in the time to come.
– Use will to talk about things that will probably or
certainly happen in the future; that we cannot
control.
• She will be 12 years old tomorrow.
– Use shall
• In the first person singular and plural.
• To ask questions
• Use will/shall to
– Make offers, requests, suggestions and to give
orders.
• Shall we cook dinner for you tonight?
• Will you turn off the tap, please?
– Express willingness and decisions.
• We will repair the door for you.
– Make promise and to give warnings.
• Leave now or I will call police.
– Make prediction
• It will rain tonight.
Preposition
• Words like on, in, under, of, by and for are
called preposition.
• Usually comes before a noun.
• Preposition is used
– To show location, direction, movement and time.
• Preposition can a single word or more.
• Prepositional phrase
– Made up of a preposition and the word(s) that
follow it.
– A preposition can be followed by a noun phrase, a
pronoun or a gerund.
– Example
• We found a cat sleeping on our new car this morning.
• There is a rat behind the cupboard.
• This rose is for you.
• Preposition of place
– Tell us where someone or something is
– Usually put them after the verb and before the
noun phrase in a sentence.
• Preposition of movement
– Tells us about change of place or position
– Always follow a verb
• Preposition of time
– Tells us when something is happen
–
preposition explanation preposition explanation
On To show that something is in In To show that something is
contact with the top layer of surrounded or enclosed by
something else something else