ENVIRONMENTAL

SCENARIO

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 ENVIRONMENT

Surroundings* in which an organization

operates, including air, water, land, natural
resources, flora, fauna, humans and their
interrelation.

*Surroundings in this context extend from within an

organization to the global system

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 Environment
• QS 9000: is defined as all of the process conditions
surrounding or affecting the manufacture and quality of a
part or product. Environment will vary for each site, but
generally includes: housekeeping, lighting, noise etc.

• Environment is the complex of physical, chemical, and

biotic factors that surround and act upon an organism or
ecosystem.

• Newton: Everything except me.

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 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

 Global / Continental Issues

 National and Regional Issues

 Localised Issues

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GLOBAL AND CONTINENTAL ISSUES

 Greenhouse Effect

 Ozone Depletion

 Acid Rain

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NATIONAL AND REGIONAL ISSUES

 Population Growth

 Land Degradation

 Deforestation

 Floods and Droughts

 Water Pollution

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 LOCALISED ISSUES

 Air Pollution
 Loss of Bio-diversity

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 GLOBAL WARMING
Increase in average world temperatures as a result of
increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse
gases.
Greenhouse Gases:
• Carbon dioxide
• Methane
• CFCs
• Nitrous oxides
Sources:
• Burning of fossil fuels
Includes burning tropical rainforests (25% of all global CO2)
• Destruction of natural vegetation
• Cattle
• Rice cultivation 8
 GREENHOUSE EFFECT
 

• Average global surface temp. is +14C

• Average global surface temp. without GH Effect
will be -19C
• Natural greenhouse effect warms the surface by
33C

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Other planets also have Greenhouse Effects,
but these are unsuitable for life
Atmosphere: mass 90x earth’s
Venus GH Gases: >90% CO2
Sun Sfc. Temp.: 477C
GH Effect: 523C

FAR TOO HOT!

GH Gases: ~0.04% CO2

Earth ~ 1% H2O
Sfc. Temp.: 15C
GH Effect: 33C

NOT BAD!

Atmosphere: mass <1% earth’s

Mars GH Gases: >80% CO2
Sfc. Temp.: -47C
GH Effect: 10C
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FAR TOO COLD!
 GLOBAL WARMING

Effects of Global Warming

• Regional weather changes
• Alteration in crop yields
• Loss of biodiversity
• Human illness
• Rising sea levels
• A potential increase in average world temperatures
of 2C, relative to its 1990 value, by the end of the
21st century.

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 Ozone Layer Depletion
The stratospheric ozone layer shields the earth from
ultraviolet radiation.
Destruction of ozone layer:
• Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) – e.g. freons
• CFCs are stable, drift upwards
• UV radiation breaks down CFCs into chlorine atoms
• Chlorine atoms react with and destroy ozone
• Chlorine will persist over 100 years in stratosphere
A 1% decrease in ozone layer  increase UV
radiation reaching earth by 2%  2-10% increase in
cell carcinomas  increases in skin melanomas
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 Ozone Layer Depletion
Kyoto Protocol: International Treaty
Held at Kyoto, Japan in Dec 1997
Opened for signature on March 16, 1998 and closed
on March 15, 1999.
Came into force on Feb 16, 2005.
Parties Signed 156 (as of Sep. 2005),
India Signed in 2000.
Objective: Stabilization of GHG concentrations in
the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
climate system.
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 ACID RAIN
• Acid rain is caused by the burning of fossil fuels.
• Burning oil, gas and coal in power stations
releases Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) into the
atmosphere.
• Burning oil and petrol in motor vehicles puts
nitrogen oxides (NOX) into the atmosphere.

• These gases mix with water droplets in the

atmosphere creating weak solutions of nitric and
sulphuric acids.
• When precipitation occurs these solutions fall as
acid rain.
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 IMPACT OF ACID RAIN

• Acid rain increases the acidity levels of rivers,

lakes and seas which can kill the aquatic life.
• Acid rain increases the acidity levels of soils which
can kill the vegetation.
• Acid rain has been found to destroy the roots and
leaves of forests in Germany and Scandinavia have
been destroyed as the result of acid rain emissions
from the UK.
• Acid rain can erode buildings and monuments
(particularly if they are made from limestone).

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 POPULATION GROWTH

• Presently second populous country in the world.

Will be most populous in the next century.
• Home for 1/ 6th of world’s population
• Population Growth rate - 1.9 % p.a.
• Urban Population Growth (1951-1981)
Calcutta, Hyderabad - Doubled,
Ahmedabad, Chennai - Tripled ,
Bangalore, Delhi - Quadrupled
Greater Mumbai (2001) - 24 million
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 POPULATION GROWTH
Delhi: National Capital

18.00

16.00

14.00
Population in Lacs

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
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 LAND DEGRADATION

• Land Degradation assumed at alarming proportions

- loss of top soil estimated at 6000 million tonnes per
annum
- loss of plant nutrients estimated at 5.4 to 8.4 million
tonnes which account 30-50 mt of agricultural
production
- soil salinity and water logging
• Industrial wastes estimated by 2000
- Fly ash - 100 Million Tonnes
- Municipal Wastes - 100 Th Tonnes/d in Urban areas

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 DEFORESTATION
• Forest Cover
- in 1947 >22% Now 12%
• 55 million tribal people affected
• India has only 2% world’s land area, but it is home for
10% of world’s livestock
• Felling of Trees - 1 million / day
• Growth in chemical inputs for Agriculture
– 1960 2 kgs/ ha
– 1995 85 kgs/ ha

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 FLOODS and DROUGHTS
• Floods are now an annual feature
- inadequate capacity of river channels due to
silting, soil erosion and runoff
- effect an area of 59 million hectares per annum
• World’s largest area effected due to drought
- 47 million hectares (19%) and 12% population
effected
- deforestation and loss of soil cover are the
primary causes

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 WATER POLLUTION

• 71% of Earth’s surface is covered with water

• 97.4% is in oceans

• 2% is unavailable

• Less than 1 % is in fresh water bodies and

water vapor

• Ground water resources are vital

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 WATER POLLUTION
Causes:
• Rapid growth of human population
• Industrial outputs

Contaminants:
• toxic chemicals
• human and animal excrements
• heavy metals
• pesticides
• fertilizers
Sources of pollution:
• Point sources
• Non-point sources
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 WATER POLLUTION
• 70% of surface water resources of India - Polluted
• Domestic and Urban sewage contribute 90% of this
pollution, causing water-borne diseases
• Only 29% of Indian population access to sanitation
• Municipal system serves only 5% of India’s
population
• 3000 major and 2 million small scale units discharge
wastes in to rivers
• 310 million children die annually from diarrhoea

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 River Yamuna…….Holy or ??????
• 22 km stretch in Delhi
• Cause 80 % of Pollution Load
• Out of 719 MGD of domestic sewage, 384 MGD is
discharged untreated
• Total Coliform Count is 1 crore (C.P.C.B. limit is 500 for
outdoor bath)
• BOD 40 mg/lit at Okhla as compared to < 3 mg/lit at
Palla (Limit is 3 mg/lit)
• DO is 1.5 ~ 2.0 (should be > 5 mg/lit)

• Can cause: Jaundice, Cholera, Typhoid, Fungal and

Bacterial Infection
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 AIR POLLUTION
• Air Pollution is becoming alarming due to raise in
industrial activity and motor vehicles
• Mainly an Urban Problem
- annual average levels of total SPM in Delhi, Calcutta
and Kanpur is at least five times the WHO standard
- no. of motor vehicles increased from 0.3 million in
1951 to 33.6 million in 1996
- at present automobile sector is major polluter as
compared to industrial, commercial and household
sectors

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 AIR POLLUTION
- Delhi’s vehicular SPM levels are in the range of
362-452 micrograms as a against the standard of
140-360 micrograms

- In India an average metro citizen has 3-8

micrograms lead per 100 ml of blood as against
permissible level of 2 micrograms per 100ml of
blood

- 0.22 million Indians die annually due to air

pollution

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 LOSS OF BIO-DIVERSITY

- IUCN red list of threatened species indicates

that, in near future more plant and animal
species will be lost within a single human life
span than in the past 2-3 million years

It will lead to ecological imbalance

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 ROLE OF INDUSTRY

• According to MoEF estimates, pollution from

industrial sources contribute more than 75%
of the total pollution in rivers and other bodies

• According to a study by Coopers and

Lybrand, 1994 industry contributes only about
10% of the total pollution generated in
Mumbai region

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 ROLE OF INDUSTRY

• Industrial output grew four fold between 1963

and 1991, while toxic releases grew six fold

• The nine industrial sectors which together

contribute 67.5 percent of the total industrial
output contribute nearly 100 percent towards
BOD load

• The above sectors contribute 92 percent of

toxic releases
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 PUBLIC OPINION
(Health of the Planet Survey : 2002)

• 51% people in India rate the Nation’s

environmental problems as “very
serious”

• 21% think that it is the No. 1 problem

• 69% people think that Government

should frame more laws for Industry

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 Initiatives by India
• India is the first country, which provided the
protection and improvement of environment in its
constitution
• 4th five year plan (1968-73) gave explicit recognition
for integrating environmental dimensions into
planning and development process
• Environmental Management began in 1972 UN
conference
• Deportment of Environment (DOE) constituted in
November 1980
• Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) constituted in
September,1974
• A full fledged ministry “ Ministry of Environmentand
Forest” constituted in 1985
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 ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONAL
FRAMEWORK

Central Government State Government

• Ministry of • State Department
Environment and of Environment
Forests • State Pollution
• Central Pollution Control Board
Control Board • Regional Offices

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