LITERATURE REVIEW

By:
Melkiory Masatu (MD, MSc, PhD)

Byera Shwekerela (MAHM, MIH, PhD)

06/01/2020 1
 INTRODUCTION
 You have already gone through the following
steps 1: development of HSR proposal
 what is the problem? and
 why it should be studied?

 Step 2: conduct a literature review

 what does literature review mean?
 What information is available?

06/01/2020 2
 Learning tasks
 Describe the reasons for reviewing available literature

 Identify the resources available for carrying out such a

review

 Prepare index cards or notes that summarize important

information

 Prepare a review of literature that describe the context

of your study and strengthen your statement of the
problem

06/01/2020 3
 Definition
 What does literature review mean?
 Word literature – Stems from Latin word

“litteratus” (knowledge of books)

 Definition (Literature review or search)

 “A systematic and thorough search of all
types of published literature in order to
identify as many items as possible that are
relevant to a particular topic” (Biggam J, 2011
p.41)
06/01/2020 4
 The Purpose of literature review
 To get an overview of the big issues

 To select some of those useful for your study

 Provide context for your work

 Summarize other’s people’s work

 To identify the gap

06/01/2020 5
 The importance of literature
review
 Avoidance of duplication

 IMPROVES your research proposal e.g. refining your

statement of the problem

 Helps FAMILIARIZE with the various research

approaches that might be used in your study
(methodological issues).

 It JUSTIFIES the research agenda (provide you with

convincing arguments for why your particular research is
needed).

06/01/2020 6
 Buzzy in 2: What are the Source of information?
• ( Source: Biggam J, 2011)
Supervisor
(feedback)
Research subject Fellow student
(those you intend to (sharing ideas)
review, question)

Internet Handbook (dissertation

Source of structure, submission
informati date)
University/ on
college website
(regulations) Past dissertation (in
departmentt/library)
Library
University/ college
support services Campus
(academic skills, bookshop
leaflets)

06/01/2020 7
Sources of information (Summary)
 PEOPLE (individuals or groups, organisations)

 PUBLICATIONS (Books which compile research

information, journals (hard or electronic copies)

 UNPUBLISHED INFORMATION [Grey literature)

e.g. Dissertation, research reports not in journals

 Supervisors and fellow students

06/01/2020 8
 Or Sources could be at different levels of
administrative system
• Community level, district and regional levels and
provincial level.

• National levels – e.g. national libraries, Ministries of

Health, central statistics, etc.

• International levels – UNICEF, WHO, USAID, etc;

including computerized search for international
literature.

06/01/2020 9
 BRAINSTORM: What to do with identified
source of information (Strategy 1)
• Read through
• Summarize the content relevant to your study (use index card)
– Note pertinent information :
• Title of article
• Author
• Title of Journal/Book, Page, Year, etc (see later)
• Aim of study
• Methodology
• Major findings
• Utility of information
• Write the literature review section
• Prepare list of references

06/01/2020 10
 Group work: use of index card
 Summarize the content of publication to
the index card

 Group presentation (learners)

 Summarizing (Facilitator)

 Questions
06/01/2020 11
 What to do with identified information (Strategy2)
• Organize in groups of related information/themes
• sequence the information – from far to near (for
each theme) e.g. India-Africa-East Africa-Tanzania

• Write coherently using your own words (be

writing not citing); use past tense

• cite sources properly using recommended style

(at CEDHA we use Harvard style)

06/01/2020 12
Example of sequencing literature: Far Near

06/01/2020 13
 Cite sources
• Cite sources properly using recommended style

• At CEDHA we use Harvard style

• TAKE HOME ASSIGNMENT: Every one to read

on “Harvard” and “Vancouver” referencing
styles

06/01/2020 14
Referencing to Literature in the Text

• Systems for citing literature in the TEXT

• VANCOUVER
– Uses numbers 1,2,3, etc. . Numbers could be placed in parenthesis (1)
or superscript1

• HARVARD
– Uses AUTHORS’ SURNAMES and year.
• If the number of authors are TWO cite both

• If there are more than TWO authors, cite the FIRST author
followed by et al

• Only ONE system should be used in a report

– At CEDHA we advocate HARVARD system

06/01/2020 15
 EXAMPLE OF VANCOUVER STYLE IN THE TEXT

06/01/2020 16
 Harvard style of listing references
General Principles
• The list is compiled in ascending alphabetical
order of authors

• Essential information to be included differs

depending on source [journal article (full
article or abstract), book, chapter in a book,
dissertation or internet]

06/01/2020 17
 ESSENTIAL INFORMATION TO
INCLUDE WHEN LISTING
REFERENCES

27/2/2015 18
 From Journal article
Author(s) surname followed by initials (Year of
publication). Title of article. Name of the
journal, volume number, (issue number): page
range.

Example:
Louria DB. (1996). Emerging-and re-emerging
infections: the societal variables. international
Journal of infectious diseases. 1 (2):59-62

27/2/2015 19
 From a book
Author(s) surname followed by initials (Year of
publication). Title of the book (preferably
underlined). Edition. Place of publication,
Publisher, page range.

Example:
Abramson JH (1979). Survey methods in
community medicine. 2nd Edition. Edinburgh,
Churchill Livingstone, p. 229.
27/2/2015 20
 A chapter in a book, many contributors
• Author(s) of the chapter surname followed by initials (Year of
publication). Title of the chapter. In: Editors of the book
(surnames followed by initial). (Eds). Title of the book
(preferably underlined). Edition. Place of publication,
Publisher, page range.

Example:
• Klepp K-I, Masatu MC, Setel P, Lie GT (1999). Maintaining
preventive health efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa: AIDS in
Tanzania. In: Bracht N (editor). Health promotion at the
community level: New advances. 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks,
Sage publications, p. 155-174.

27/2/2015 21
Material on the Internet (not journal articles)

• Author(s) surname followed by initials (Year of publication).

Title of the article. Web address. Date web accessed.

Example:
• Senderowitz J (2000). Health facility programmes on
reproductive health for young adults. FOCUS on Young Adults.
Available at URL:
Http://www.pathfind.org/RPPS-Papers/Health Facility.html
. Web accessed 19.05.2001.

27/2/2015 22
 From a dissertation
• Author(s) surname followed by initials (Year of publication).
Title of the dissertation [Dissertation]. Institution where the
dissertation was written.

Example:

• Yussuf AS (2004). Profile and outcome of patients admitted to

I.C.U at Mnazi mmoja hospital Zanzibar [Dissertation]. CEDHA

27/2/2015 23
 Abstract from Journal article
• Author(s) surname followed by initials (Year of publication). Title of
article. [Abstract]. Name of the journal, volume number, (issue
number): page range

Example:

• McFaul PB, Taylor DJ, Howie PW (1993). The assessment of clinical

competence in obstetrics and gynaecology in two medical schools
by an objective structured clinical examination [Abstract]. British
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 100 (9):842-6.

27/2/2015 24
 When listing references

• If the number of authors are SIX or less, cite

ALL.
• If more than six, cite THE FIRST THREE
followed by et al

27/2/2015 25
 Plagiarism (pretending information is yours)

•Plagiarism is defined as:

 An object (language, words, text, diagram, graphs,
ideas)
 which has been taken from a source (books, journals,
internet, not just text)
 by an agent (person, student, academic)
 without adequate acknowledgement of sources
 and, with or without intention to deceive

06/01/2020 26
 Things to Avoid in literature review (Bias)
• Suppressing/omitting controversies/ conflicting
opinion or differences
• Using author supportive references only
• Over concluding/ generalisation from inadequate
data - one case or small study or poor design

Such types of bias may have serious ethical implication

(May affect people’s health; take researcher to court)

06/01/2020 27
 GROUP INTO FOUR
• Summarizing article on index card

• Group exercise on citation using Harvard style from

1. Books
2. Journals
3. Webs/electronic
4. Dissertations
5. Newspaper

06/01/2020 28
 citation
• Book with one author
• Adair, J. (1988) Effective time management: How to save time and
spend it wisely, London: Pan Books.

• Book with two authors

• McCarthy, P. and Hatcher, C. (1996) Speaking persuasively: Making
the most of your presentations, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

• Book with three or more authors

• Fisher, R., Ury, W. and Patton, B. (1991) Getting to yes: Negotiating
an agreement without giving in, 2nd edition, London: Century
Business.

• Book – second or later edition

• Barnes, R. (1995) Successful study for degrees, 2nd edition,
London: Routledge.

06/01/2020 29
• Books with an anonymous or unknown author
• The University Encyclopedia (1985) London: Roydon.

• Book by same author in the same year

• Napier, A. (1993a) Fatal storm, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
• Napier, A. (1993b) Survival at sea, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

• Book with an editor

• Danaher, P. (ed.) (1998) Beyond the ferris wheel, Rockhampton:
CQU Press

• If you have used a chapter in a book written by someone other

than the editor
• Byrne, J. (1995) ‘Disabilities in tertiary education’, in Rowan, L. and
McNamee, J. (ed.) Voices of a Margin, Rockhampton: CQU Press

06/01/2020 30
•Books with an anonymous or unknown author
•The University Encyclopedia (1985) London: Roydon.

•Book by same author in the same year

•Napier, A. (1993a) Fatal storm, Sydney: Allen and
Unwin.
•Napier, A. (1993b) Survival at sea, Sydney: Allen and
Unwin.

•Book with an editor

•Danaher, P. (ed.) (1998) Beyond the ferris wheel,
Rockhampton: CQU Press.

•If you have used a chapter in a book written by

someone other than the editor
06/01/2020 31
• Journal article
• Muller, V. (1994) ‘Trapped in the body: Transsexualism, the law,
sexual identity’, The Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 3, August,
pp. 103-107

• Journal article with both volume and issue number

• Muller, V. (1994) ‘Trapped in the body: Transsexualism, the law,
sexual identity’, The Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 3, no. 2,
August, pp. 103-107.

• Conference papers
• Hart, G., Albrecht, M., Bull, R. and Marshall, L. (1992) ‘Peer consultation: A
professional development opportunity for nurses employed in rural settings’,
Infront Outback – Conference Proceedings, Australian Rural Health
Conference, Toowoomba, pp. 143 – 148.

• Newspaper articles
• Cumming, F. (1999) ‘Tax-free savings push’, Sunday Mail, 4 April, p. 1.
• OR, IF THE AUTHOR IS UNKNOWN ‘Tax-free savings push’, Sunday Mail
(4 April 1999), p. 3.
06/01/2020 32
• World Wide Web page
• Young, C. (2001) English Heritage position statement on the Valletta
Convention, [Online], Available:
http://www.archaeol.freeuk.com/EHPostionStatement.htm [24 Aug
2001]

• Central Queensland University ESLS Unit (2001) Referencing: The

Harvard referencing system, [Online], Available:
http://www.cqu.edu.au/edserv/undegrad/clc/content/resources.htm [14
Aug 2001]

• Wells, D. (2001) Harvard referencing, [Online], Available:

http://lisweb.curtin.edu.au/guides/handouts/harvard.html [14 Aug 2001].

• (Samantha Dhann, 2001)

http://www.archaeol.freeuk.com/EHPostionStatement.htm [24 Aug
2001].

06/01/2020 33
 Thanks

06/01/2020 34