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Introduction to Convection
• Convection denotes energy transfer between a
surface and a fluid moving over the surface.
• The dominant contribution due to the bulk (or
gross) motion of fluid particles.
• In this chapter we will
– Introduce the convection transfer equations
– Discuss the physical mechanisms underlying convection
– Discuss physical origins and introduce relevant dimensionless parameters
that can help us to perform convection transfer calculations in subsequent
chapters.
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Chapter 6 : Introduction to Conduction – Flow & Thermal
Considerations
6.1 Introduction – Convection heat transfer
Forced convection:
-is achieved by subjecting the fluid to a pressure gradient (e.g., by a fan or
pump), thereby forcing motion to occur according to the laws of fluid
mechanics.
- Convection heat transfer rate is calculated from Newton’s Law of Cooling
where h is called the convective heat transfer coefficient and has units of
W/m2K
How about natural or free convection ?
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Chapter 6 : Introduction to Conduction – Flow & Thermal
Considerations
Introduction – Convection heat transfer
Typicalvalues of h are:
Natural convection of air = 5 W/m2K
Natural convection of water around a pipe = 570
Forced conv. of air over plate at 30 m/s = 80
Water at 2 m/s over plate, T=15K = 590
Liquid sodium at 5m/s in 1.3cm pipe = 75,000 at 370C
The heat transfer coefficient contains all the parameters
which influence convection heat transfer
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Heat Transfer Coefficient
Recall Newton’s law of cooling for heat transfer between a surface of
arbitrary shape, area As and temperature Ts and a fluid:
q h(TS T )
Generally flow conditions will vary
along the surface, so q” is a local
heat flux and h a local convection
coefficient.
The total heat transfer rate is
q AS
q" dAS (TS T )
AS
h dAS h AS (TS T )
1
where h
AS AS
h dAS is the average heat transfer
coefficient
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Heat Transfer Coefficient
• For flow over a flat plate: 1 L
h
L 0
h dx
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The Central Question for Convection
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Chapter 6 : Introduction to Conduction – Flow & Thermal
Considerations
What is Velocity & Thermal Boundary Layers ?
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Chapter 6 : Introduction to Conduction – Flow & Thermal
Considerations
Velocity Boundary Layers – Physical meaning/features
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Surface Shear Stress Shear stress: Friction force per unit area.
The shear stress for most fluids is proportional
to the velocity gradient, and the shear stress at
the wall surface is expressed as
dynamic viscosity
kg/ms or Ns/m2, or Pas
1 poise = 0.1 Pa s
The fluids that obey the linear relationship
above are called Newtonian fluids.
Most common fluids such as water, air,
gasoline, and oils are Newtonian fluids.
Blood and liquid plastics are examples of non-
Newtonian fluids. In this text we consider
Newtonian fluids only.
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Kinematic viscosity,
m2/s or stoke
1 stoke = 1 cm2/s = 0.0001 m2/s
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Chapter 6 : Introduction to Conduction – Flow & Thermal
Considerations
Thermal Boundary Layers – Physical meaning/features
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Chapter 6 : Introduction to Conduction – Flow & Thermal
Considerations
Boundary Layer Transition
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Chapter 6 : Introduction to Conduction – Flow & Thermal
Considerations
Boundary Layer Transition
In turbulent region?
1. Fluid motion is highly irregular, characterised by velocity fluctuation
2. Fluctuations enhance the transfer of energy, and hence increase surface friction as
well as convection heat transfer rate
3. Due to fluid mixing (by fluctuations), turbulent boundary layer thicknesses are
larger and boundary layer profiles ( v & T) are flatter than laminar.
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Chapter 6 : Introduction to Conduction – Flow & Thermal
Considerations
Boundary Layer Transition
What conditions are associated with transition from laminar to turbulent flow ?
at leading edge of laminar flow, small disturbances are amplified and transition to
turbulent flow begins
In transition region the flow fluctuates between laminar and turbulent flows.
How to classify these type of flows ?
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Reynolds Number At large Reynolds numbers, the inertial
The transition from laminar to turbulent forces, which are proportional to the fluid
flow depends on the geometry, surface density and the square of the fluid velocity,
roughness, flow velocity, surface are large relative to the viscous forces, and
temperature, and type of fluid. thus the viscous forces cannot prevent the
random and rapid fluctuations of the fluid
The flow regime depends mainly on the (turbulent).
ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces
At small or moderate Reynolds numbers,
(Reynolds number).
the viscous forces are large enough to
suppress these fluctuations and to keep the
fluid “in line” (laminar).
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Chapter 6 : Introduction to Conduction – Flow & Thermal
Considerations
Boundary Layer Transition
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Boundary Layer Approximations
Need to determine the heat transfer coefficient, h
• In general, h=f (k, cp, r, m, V, L)
• We can apply the Buckingham pi theorem, or obtain exact solutions by
applying the continuity, momentum and energy equations for the
boundary layer.
• In terms of dimensionless groups:
Nu x f ( x*, Re x , Pr) (x*=x/L) Nu f (Re L , Pr)
hL hL Local and average Nusselt numbers (based
where: Nu , Nu on local and average heat transfer coefficients)
kf kf
Prandtl number
Pr
u x Reynolds number
Re x (defined at distance x)
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The Convection Transfer Equations
w
m x,in u (dydz ) m
x,
[
outu(
u)
dx
]dyd
x
z
Mass balance:
( u ) ( ) ( w )
0 (7.1b)
x y z
u w (7.1c)
0
x y z
Reminder: Conservation of Momentum
Rate of Rate of Sum of forcesRate of
+ acting on= accumulation
momentum - momentum
in out system of
momentum
1. Estimation of net rate of momentum out of element
y
m x u (uAx )u
(
u)
u
(u)
u dx
A
x
x
x
7.15
Reminder: Conservation of Momentum
2. Estimation of forces acting on the element: Pressure, gravity, stresses
y
yy
yy dy
y
yx
yx dy
y xy
xy dx
x
xx xx
xx dx
x
xy x
yx
yy
z
\ y-component :
p 2 2 2
u w g y 2 2 2 (7.2b)
x z
t x y z y y
\ z-component :
w w w w p 2w 2w 2w
u w g z 2 2 2 (7.2c)
x z
t x y z z y
Conservation of Energy
qy+dy x
y qz
Conservation of Energy
Must consider that energy is also transferred due to bulk fluid motion
(advection)
-Kinetic and potential energy E cond , y dy E adv , y dy
-Work due to pressure forces
E cond , x E cond , x dx
E g
E adv , x E adv, x dx
W
y
x
E cond , y E adv , y
Thermal Energy Equation
For steady-state, two dimensional flow of an
incompressible fluid with constant properties:
T T T 2 2
2 T T T
C p u w k 2 2 2 q (7.3)
x
x y z y z
Net outflow of heat due to Net inflow of heat due to rate of energy
bulk fluid motion (advection) conduction generation per
unit volume
2 2
2 2
u w
u w
where 2 (7.4)
y x x
x y z
represents the viscous dissipation: Net rate at which mechanical
work is irreversibly converted to thermal energy, due to viscous effects
in the fluid