Applications of the Integral

Chapter 5
The Area of a Plane Region

Section 5.1
 Slicing

Areas of Plane Regions

1. Divide the region into n pieces (slices).

2. Approximate the areas of each slice.

3. Add together the areas of the slices.

4. Take the limit as n goes to infinity.

5. The result gives a definite integral.

 Area between two curves

  𝑏
𝐴=∫ [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
 Area between two curves

  𝑏
𝐴 =∫ |𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )| 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
 Horizontal Slicing

Problem. How to evaluate the area by slicing?

Exercise. Find the area of the shaded region.
Volumes of Solids

Section 5.2
 Slicing

Volumes of Solids

1. Divide the solid into n pieces (slices).

2. Approximate the volume of each slice.

3. Add together the volume of the slices.

4. Take the limit as n goes to infinity.

5. The result gives a definite integral.

 Slicing

Volumes of Solids
Volumes of Solids
 Example . Volume of a pyramid

  
Find the volume of a pyramid with base and height
 The Disk Method
If a region in the plane is revolved about
a line, the resulting solid is a solid of
revolution, and the line is called the
axis of revolution. Axis of revolution

The simplest such solid is a right

circular cylinder or disk, which is
formed by revolving a rectangle
about an axis adjacent to one
side of the rectangle.
Volume of a disk:  R2w
 Disk Method

  𝑏
2
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
 Example . Volume of a sphere

  

Show that the volume of

a sphere with radius is
 The Washer Method
To see how this concept can be used to find the volume of
a solid of revolution, consider a region bounded by an out
er radius R(x) and an inner radius r(x.)
Plane region Solid of revolution
with hole
 Example Using the Washer Method

   the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region

Find
bounded by the graphs of and about the -axis, as shown
in figure below.
 Review. Volumes

 
 Definition: Volume of a Solid

The volume of a solid with known integrable cross section

area from to is the integral of from to ,
 Cavalieri’s Theorem

Two solids with equal altitudes

and identical parallel cross
sections have the same volume.
Example. Disk Method
y x The volume of each flat
cylinder (disk) is:

 x
2
 dx
If we add the volumes, we get:

  
4 2 4
x dx  0  x dx
0

4
 2
 x  8
2 0
 Disk Method

This application of the method of slicing is called

the disk method. The shape of the slice is a disk,
so we use the formula for the area of a circle to find
the volume of the disk.

 A shape rotated about the -axis:

 A shape rotated about the -axis:

 Example. Washer Method

The region bounded by

y  2x y  x 2 and y  2 x is
y  x2
revolved about the y-axis.
Find the volume.
If we use a horizontal slice:
y  x2 y  2x The “disk” now has a hole
y
x
in it, making it a “washer”.
yx 2
The volume of the washer is:   R 2   r 2   thickness
 Example. Washer Method
y  2x
The volume of the washer is:

y  x2
  R 2
  r 2
  thickness
  R 2  r 2  dy
y  x2 y  2x
 2
 outer inner
 y  y
2
y V  
4
   dy radius
yx x  radius
2
0
 2 
4  1 
V     y  y 2  dy
0
 4 
4
1 1 2 1 3  16  8
  y  y 
4
V    y  y 2 dy   8   
0 4 2 12  0  3
3
 Washer Method

This application of the method of slicing is called the

washer method. The shape of the slice is a circle with a
hole in it, so we subtract the area of the inner circle
from the area of the outer circle.

 
or
 Example. Washer Method

y  x2
If the same region is
y  2x
rotated about the line
x=2: The outer radius is:
y
R  2
r
2
y  x2 y  2x R
The inner radius is:
y
yx
2
x r  2 y
 Example. Washer Method
y  x2

 y2 
 
y  2x 4
    4  2 y    4  4 y  y dy
0
 4 
4 y2
   4  2y   4  4 y  y dy
0 4
1
4 1 2
r
   3 y  y  4 y 2 dy
y  x2 y  2x R 0 4
y
x
4
yx  3 2 1 3 8 32 
2     y  y  y 
4  2 12 3 0
V    R 2  r 2 dy
0
2  16 64  8

 y
      24   
4 2
  2   2 y dy  3 3 3
0
 2
 Shell method

Find the volume generated

when this shape is revolved
about the y-axis.

4 2

y   x  10 x  16
9

We needn’t solve for x, so
we needn’t use a horizontal
slice directly.
 Shell method
If we take a vertical
slice

and revolve it about the

y-axis

we get a cylinder.

Shell method: 4 2
y
9
 x  10 x  16 
Lateral surface area of cylinder
=circumference  height
=2 r  h
Volume of thin cylinder  2 r  h  dx
 Shell method

4 2
Volume of thin cylinder  2 r  h  dx y
9
 x  10 x  16 

 4 2 
 
8
2 2 x  9 x  10 x  16  dx  160
r
h thickness  502.655 cm3
circumference
 Shell method

Definition: Volume of a Solid Shell Method

The volume of a solid rotated about the y-axis is

b
V  2  x f ( x) dx
a
 Shell method

Definition: Volume of a Solid Shell Method

The volume of a solid rotated about the x-axis is

b
V  2  y f ( y ) dy
a
 Volumes

When the strip is parallel to the axis of rotation, use

the shell method.

When the strip is perpendicular to the axis of rotation,

use the washer method.