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http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling1.htm
Once the Site is Selected
Getting the land ready Making way for the
The area is surveyed to rig
Several holes are dug to
determine its boundaries.
make way for the rig and
Environmental studies are main hole
said to be done. A rectangular pit (cellar) is
The land is cleared and then dug around the location of the
access roads are built. drilling hole. (This provides a
Water is drilled if there are no workspace)
natural sources available. The crew drills a main hole
A reserve pit is dug to dispose Additional holes are dug to
of rock cuttings and mud. It is the side to store equipment
lined with plastic to “protect”
the environment only if the
area is considered to be
“ecologically sensitive.”
Setting Up the Rig
Once the land is ready, several holes are dug to make way for the rig and main
hole. A rectangular pit called a cellar is dug around the location of the actual
drilling hole. The cellar provides a workspace around the hole. The crew
then drills a main hole. The following is how a rig is set up.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling2.htm
Drilling
Directions on drilling
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling1.htm
Confirming the Presence of Oil
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling4.htm
“Where indigenous people clash
with development projects, the
developers almost always win”
-- The U.S State Department
• In the same article, it is said that, “The World Bank plans to fund an oil pipeline through Central
African rainforests that will bring huge profits to Shell, Exxon, and Elf while causing environmental
havoc.” Also, “The oil companies are about to build a 600-mile pipeline from the Daba oil fields in
Chad to coastal Cameroon, slashing through fragile rainforest that is home to the Baka and Bakola
peoples, communities of traditional hunters-gatherers.”
• In Nigeria oil disasters are common and in one case 200 villagers died in a pipeline explosion in
2000. Often times safety standards are more lax in developing countries than developed countries–
benefiting oil companies
• The governments of nation states use bloody military tactics to quell uprisings and protests to oil
fields by indigenous people who are protecting their land. These states are given money to exploit
indigenous populations and are expected to protect the interests of the oil companies.
Environmental Impacts of Oil Extraction
• The dumping of a million liters of waste into an abandoned oil well by Shell
caused the presence of heavy metals at above acceptable limits and the
unusually high concentrations of ions make the substance toxic. If these
substances were to infiltrate the underground water or aquifer, it would have
serious environmental and health implications.
• The World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Oil companies, and the
governments of the world overlook environmental impact studies which
conclude that oil extraction directly causes deforestation, poaching, loss of
community land, water contamination, and health impacts to people, animal
and flora life.
http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/fossils/p7.html
Crude oil to Refineries
• Oil fields and offshore oil rigs
generally have hundreds of wells
with flow lines that carry crude oil
to the lease tanks. The crude oil
flows from the wells to the unseen
lease tanks via the flow lines,
where it is accumulated, sampled
and measured prior to further
transportation via other connecting
pipelines. Oil pipelines are
considered to be a closed system
since the chemicals theoretically
don’t touch the environment,
however leaks in the system do
occur. Also, oil tankers bring oil to
refineries and as was the case in
the Exxon Valdez disaster, the
environment suffers tremendously
from oil production.
Photo Courtesy
ohttp://response.restoration.noaa.gov/
photos/exxon/exxon.html EVOS Oil
Spill Facts
Environmental Disaster
Numbers of Spills
over 700 tonnes
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling1.htm
Fractional Distillation
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining5.htm
Unification is the process where Alteration: The structures of
smaller hydrocarbons are molecules in one fraction are
combined to make larger ones. rearranged to produce another.
The main unification process is Commonly this is done using
called catalytic reforming and alkylation- low molecular weight
uses a catalyst to combine low compounds are mixed in the
weight naphtha into aromatics presence of a catalysts such as
which are used in making hydrofluoric acid or sulfuric acid.
chemicals and in blending
gasoline.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining5.htm
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-
refining5.htm
Distilled and chemically processed fractions are treated to
remove impurities and is done by passing the fractions
through the following:
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Products From Refined Oil Refraction
gasoline of various grades,
with or without additives
lubricating oils of various
weights and grades (e.g.
10W-40, 5W-30)
kerosene of various grades
jet fuel
diesel fuel
heating oil
chemicals of various grades
for making plastics and http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining6.htm
other polymers
Oil refining causes the destruction of vegetation, contaminates
water supplies, causes respiratory problems, destroys land, and
harms living organisms. The refineries are located in poor,
predominately communities of color in urban and rural areas.
Common in oil refineries are gas flares. Gas flaring releases
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen
dioxide and sulphur oxide, into the air and is extremely harmful
to people– especially women who are pregnant , the young and
elderly. This Chevron refinery accident in the background, which
is located in Richmond, California, is common and caused
more than 1,200 to show up at emergency rooms, complaining
of breathing difficulties and eye irritations. Chevron claims this
accident had no immediate life threatening danger to people in
the surrounding area, however they fail to account for the bio-
accumulation of particulate toxins that are embedded in the
lungs of workers and neighbors.
Refineries run by the likes of BP Amoco and others have spewed toxic waste into the workplace, as well as the
air and groundwater of neighboring communities, for decades. This behavior has severely affected the health and
safety of refinery workers. It has left the refineries' neighbors - often poor communities of color - dirty water and
air, low property values and depressing nick names such as "cancer alley." ---corpwatch.org
Today’s Oil Refinery Environmental Disaster
in the Bay Area April 29, 2004
A pipeline that pumps petroleum from
refineries in the San Francisco Bay
area ruptured and spilled an estimated
60,000 gallons of diesel fuel into a
marsh that serves as a nesting ground
for migratory birds.
.
http://www.detroithummer.com/weeklyspeci
als.html
Oil consumption in the United States
► The U.S consumes about 18 million barrels
of oil each day
► A barrel of oil produces about 18-20 gallons
of gasoline
► The United States consumes 360 million
gallons of gas a day
► The U.S consumes around 131 billion
barrels of oil each year
World Oil Consumption
http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en
Products Consumed from Oil
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/non-renewable/oil.html
V. Waste Processes
Carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere when fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and
coal), are burned.
Plastics are dumped into landfills if not recycled and seep into the earth over time.
An oil well can produce at least 1,500 tons of toxic drilling muds which are dumped
into rivers, streams and soils.
The average refinery generates 10,000 gallons a day of waste that contains many
toxic chemicals known to cause cancer, birth defects, breathing problems and other
serious health effects.
Refineries create an unfair burden of pollution and economic injustice because they
mostly exist in communities of color and low-income neighborhoods. These
communities pay a huge price while the rest of society collects more of the benefits.
Global Warming
The term Global Warming refers to the observation that the atmosphere
near the Earth's surface is warming
Carbon dioxide is the gas largely blamed for global warming
Carbon dioxide, mostly from burning of coal, gasoline and other fossil fuels,
traps heat that otherwise would radiate into space
Before the industrial age and extensive use of fossil fuels, the concentration
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere stood at about 280 parts per million
Average readings at the 11,141-foot Mauna Loa Observatory, where carbon
dioxide density peaks each northern winter, hovered around 379 parts per
million, compared with about 376 a year ago
That year-to-year increase of about 3 parts per million is considerably
higher than the average annual increase of 1.8 parts per million over the
past decade
Global Warming Impact
Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea level, and
change precipitation and other local climate conditions. Changing
regional climate could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies.
It could also affect human health, animals, and many types of
ecosystems. Deserts may expand into existing rangelands, and
features of some of our National Parks may be permanently altered.
Most of the United States is expected to warm, although sulfates
may limit warming in some areas. Scientists currently are unable to
determine which parts of the United States will become wetter or
drier, but there is likely to be an overall trend toward increased
precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms, and drier
soils.
VI: Conclusion
Focusing our attention on the aspects of race, class and oil, my
thoughts about the lifecycle of oil is that the world needs oil, just
not as much oil. It is unfortunate that oil companies profit at the
expense of the environment and people based on race, and class.
What angers me the most is the oil companies don’t care about
their actions but instead are preoccupied with greed. I find it sad
that the top 20% of oil consumers consume 80% at the expense of
poor and minority communities who are barely benefiting from it, if
at all. Although the entire world is negatively impacted by oil
consumption, poor and minority communities are overburdened by
the Condoleezza Rice’s, George Bush’s, Dick Cheney’s, of the
world amongst others who highly profit from it. I find it also
disgusting that the above listed shady characters are the leaders
of the biggest oil consumer, the United States. Furthermore, not
enough is being done to implement alternatives, many of which
can be widely mainstreamed into society.
Alternatives
Bio-diesel: If 100 million hectares is brought under cultivation we can get castor seeds
of 150 million tonnes out of which we can get 50 million tonnes of oil
Hybrid Cars: an internal combustion engine with an electric motor that is used at lower
speeds
Wind Power: Uses wind instead of burning fossil fuels
Ride a bike: Stop being lazy
Public Transportation: Sit down and read a book. Also, public transportation should
focus on using an alternative to gasoline, and diesel.
SUV’s: SUV’s aren’t needed to drive around town. If you need one to go camping and
etc., rent one.
Solar power: Instead of burning fossil fuels for electricity, use the sun. Stop paying
Pacific Gas and Electricity. They are rich enough.
These and other alternatives can help save the environment and
reduce the negative impacts to people.
Only you can prevent oil
consumption
It’s not bloody likely that the oil companies are
going to stop producing oil however you can
reduce their profits. As a consumer, we can
make choices that will lessen the impact that oil
has on race, poverty, and the environment. So
as much as you can, ride your bike, take public
transportation, buy a hybrid car, set your
thermostat to 65 degrees, use solar power,
don’t buy a SUV, and for god’s sake don’t vote
for George Bush in 2004.
References
http://www.junkscience.com/dec98/sf http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-
mtbe.htm drilling3.htm
http://www.cbecal.org/alerts/oil/index. http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-
shtml drilling4.htm
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globa http://www.moles.org/uwa/index.html
lwarming/what.html http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4
http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwar /chemistry/fossils/p7.html
ming.nsf/content/Impacts.html http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/phot
http://www.eco- os/exxon/exxon.html
action.org/dt/mad2.html http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-
http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/p drilling1.htm
hotos/exxon/exxon.html
http://acclaimimages.com/
http://chevron.com/ ktvu.com
http:// http://www.detroithummer.com/weeklyspe
www.shell.com/home/Framework?siteI cials.html
d http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch
=home 5en
http://www.bp.com/home.do http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/non-
http://www.76.com/ renewable/oil.html
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-
drilling2.htm
References
http://www.itopf.com/stats.html Olukoya, Sam. Environmental Justice from
the Niger Delta to the World Conference
Against Racism.
http://www.corpwatch.org/issues/PID.jsp?
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil- articleid=18. Race, Poverty, and the Urban
refining2.htm Environment Reader. Professor
Pinderhughes. 10 April 2004
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-
refining5.htm Sheppard, Nora. Introduction to the Oil
Pipeline Industry. Texas The University of
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil- Texas at Austin. 1984
refining3.htm
Turcotte, Heather. National, International
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil- and Global Security Issues Within
refining6.htm Petroleum Production. Turkish Journal of
International Relations Volume 1 Number
4. http: www.alternativesjournal.com
Economides, Michael and Oligney, Ronald.
The Color of Oil. Texas: Round Oak
Publishing. 2000