Lukhdhirji

Engineering College
HYDRAULIC TURBINES
Prepared By :
Prasoon Agarwal
(130310119001)
Saravadiya Deep
(1303101190130
Mihir Macwan
(130310119029) Guided
Nishkarsh Srivastava By :
•• Machines
Machineswhich
whichconvert
converthydraulic
hydraulic
energy(energy
energy(energypossessed
possessedby bywater)
water)into
into
mechanical
mechanicalenergy(which
energy(whichisisfurther
further
converted
convertedinto
intoelectrical
electricalenergy)-
energy)-
Turbines.
Turbines.
•• Machines
Machineswhich
whichconvert
convertmechanical
mechanical
energy
energyinto
intohydraulic
hydraulicenergy-
energy-Pumps.
Pumps.

2
•• Hydraulic
HydraulicTurbines
Turbinesconvert
converthydraulic
hydraulicenergy
energy
of
ofwater
waterinto
intomechanical
mechanicalenergy
energywhich
whichisis
further
furtherconverted
convertedinto
intoelectrical
electricalenergy.
energy.This
This
energy
energyobtained
obtainedisisknow
knowasashydro-electric
hydro-electric
power
powerwhich
whichisisone
oneofofthe
thecheapest
cheapestforms
formsofof
energy
energygeneration.
generation.
•• Hydraulic
Hydraulicturbines
turbinesconsist
consistof
ofPelton
PeltonWheel,
Wheel,
Francis
Francisand
andKaplan
KaplanTurbine.
Turbine.

3
Turbines
Turbinescancanbe
beclassified
classifiedon
onthe
thebasis
basisof:
of:
•• Head
Headand
andquantity
quantityof ofwater
wateravailable
available
•• Hydraulic
Hydraulicaction
actionofofwater
water
•• Direction
Directionof
offlow
flowof ofwater
waterininthe
therunner
runner
•• Specific
Specificspeed
speedof ofturbines
turbines
•• Disposition
Dispositionof
ofthe
theshaft
shaftof
ofthe
therunner
runner

4
•• InInaaPelton
PeltonWheel
Wheelor orPelton
PeltonTurbine
Turbinewater
water
strikes
strikesthe
thevanes
vanesalong
alongthe
thetangent
tangentof ofthe
the
runner
runnerandandthe
theenergy
energyavailable
availableatatthe
theinlet
inletof
of
the
theturbine
turbineisisonly
onlykinetic
kineticenergy,
energy,therefore
thereforeitit
isisaatangential
tangentialflow
flowimpulse
impulseturbine.
turbine.
•• This
Thisturbine
turbineisisused
usedforforhigh
highheads
headsand
andnamed
named
after
afterL.A
L.APelton,
Pelton,an anAmerican
Americanengineer.
engineer.

6
•• Nozzle:
Nozzle:ItItcontrols
controlsthetheamount
amountof ofwater
water
striking
strikingthe
thevanes
vanesof ofthe
therunner.
runner.
•• Casing:
Casing:ItItisisused
usedtotoprevent
preventsplashing
splashingofofwater
water
and
andplays
playsno nopart
partininpower
powergeneration.
generation.
•• Runner
Runnerwith
withbuckets:
buckets:Runner
Runnerisisaacircular
circulardisc
disc
on
onthe
theperiphery
peripheryof ofwhich
whichaanumber
numberof ofevenly
evenly
spaced
spacedbuckets
bucketsare arefixed.
fixed.
•• Breaking
BreakingJet:Jet:ToTostop
stopthetherunner
runnerininshort
shorttime
time
breaking
breakingjetjetisisused.
used.
7
 BUCKETS OR VANES

SPLITTER

RUNNER 8
•• The
Thehigh
highspeed
speedwater
watercoming
comingout outof ofthe
thenozzle
nozzlestrikes
strikes
the
thesplitter
splitterwhich
whichdivides
dividesthe thejet
jetinto
intotwo
twoequal
equal
streams.
streams.These
Thesestream
streamflowflowalong
alongthetheinner
innercurve
curveofof
the
thebucket
bucketandandleave
leaveititininthe
thedirection
directionopposite
oppositeto tothat
that
of
ofincoming
incomingjet.jet.The
Thehigh
highpressure
pressurewater
watercancanbebe
obtained
obtainedfromfromany
anywater
waterbody bodysituated
situatedatatsome
someheight
height
or
orstreams
streamsof ofwater
waterflowing
flowingdown downthe thehills.
hills.
•• The
Thechange
changeininmomentum
momentum(direction
(directionas aswell
wellasasspeed)
speed)
of
ofwater
waterstream
streamproduces
producesan animpulse
impulseon onthe
theblades
bladesof of
the
thewheel
wheelof ofPelton
PeltonTurbine.
Turbine.This Thisimpulse
impulsegenerates
generates
the
thetorque
torqueandandrotation
rotationininthetheshaft
shaftofofPelton
PeltonTurbine.
Turbine.

9
  R2 = R 1
v2
vr2
u 2 = u1
v1 (jet velocity)= vr1
Rotation
R1 u1

10
11
•• Higher
Higherrotational
rotationalspeed
speed
•• Smaller
Smallerrunner
runner
•• Simple
Simpleflow
flowcontrol
controlpossible
possible
•• Redundancy
Redundancy
•• Can
Cancope
copewith
withaalarge
largerange
rangeofofflows
flows
But
But
•• Needs
Needscomplex
complexmanifold
manifold
•• May
Maymake
makecontrol/governing
control/governingcomplex
complex
•• Kaplan
Kaplanturbine
turbineisisan anaxial
axialflow
flowreaction
reactionturbine.The
turbine.The
water
waterflows
flowsthrough
throughthe therunner
runnerof ofthe
theturbine
turbineininan an
axial
axialdirection
directionand andthe theenergy
energyatatthetheinlet
inletof
ofthethe
turbine
turbineisisthethesumsumof ofkinetic
kineticand
andpressure
pressureenergy
energy. .
•• InInan
anaxial
axialflow
flowreaction
reactionturbine
turbinethetheshaft
shaftisisvertical.
vertical.
The
Thelower
lowerend endof ofthetheshaft
shaftisislarger
largerand
andisisknown
knownas as
‘hub’
‘hub’oror‘boss’.
‘boss’.ItItisison
onthis
thishubhubthat
thatthe
thevanes
vanesare are
attached.
attached.IfIfthe thevanes
vanesare areadjustable
adjustablethen
thenititisisknown
known
as
askaplan
kaplanTurbine
Turbineand andififthe
thevanes
vanesarearenon
nonadjustable
adjustable
then
thenititisisknown
knownas asPropeller Turbine. .
PropellerTurbine

13
•Kaplan turbine is best suited where large quantity
of low head water is available.

•The main parts of a kaplan Turbine are:

1.Scroll Casing
2.Guide vane Mechanism
3.Hub with Vanes
4.Draft Tube
14
• The water enters the turbine through the guide vanes
which are aligned such as to give the flow a suitable
degree of swirl. The flow from guide vanes pass
through the curved passage which forces the radial
flow to axial direction.
• The axial flow of water with a component of swirl
applies force on the blades of the rotor and looses its
momentum, both linear and angular, producing torque
and rotation (their product is power) in the shaft. The
scheme for production of hydroelectricity by Kaplan
Turbine is same as that for Francis Turbine.

15
The Schematic of Kaplan Turbine
The Schematic of Kaplan Turbine

v1 R1

u1

Rotation

R2 = R 1
v2
vr2 u2= u1
•• Francis
FrancisTurbine
Turbineisisthe
thefirst
firsthydraulic
hydraulicturbine
turbine
with
withradial
radialinflow.
inflow.ItItwas
wasdesigned
designedby byanan
American
Americanscientist
scientistJames
JamesFrancis.
Francis.IfIfthe
thewater
water
flows
flowsradially
radiallythrough
throughthe therunner
runner,,from
from
outwards
outwardsto toinwards
inwardsthenthenititisisknown
knownas asan
an
inward
inwardradial
radialflow
flowturbine.
turbine.
•• Francis
Francisturbine
turbineisisaareaction
reactionturbine
turbineas asthe
the
energy
energyavailable
availableatatthe
theinlet
inletofofthe
theturbine
turbineisisaa
combination
combinationof ofkinetic
kineticandandpressure
pressureenergy.
energy.

18
•• CASING:
CASING:The Therunner
runnerisiscompletely
completelyenclosed
enclosed ininan
anair-
air-
tight
tightspiral
spiralcasing.
casing.TheThecasing
casingand
andrunner
runnerare
arealways
always
full
fullof
ofwater.
water.
•• GUIDE
GUIDEMECHANISM:
MECHANISM:ItItconsists
consistsof ofaastationary
stationarycircular
circular
wheel
wheelon onwhich
whichstationary
stationaryguide
guidevanes
vanesare
arefixed.
fixed.TheThe
guide
guidevanes
vanesallow
allowthethewater
waterto tostrike
strikethe
thevanes
vanesof ofthe
the
runner
runnerwithout
withoutshock
shockatatinlet
inlet
•• RUNNER:
RUNNER:ItItisisaacircular
circularwheel
wheelon onwhich
whichaaseries
seriesofof
curved
curvedradial
radialguide
guidevanes
vanesarearefixed.
fixed.
•• DRAFT
DRAFT TUBE:
TUBE:ItItisisused
usedfor
fordischarging
dischargingwater
waterfrom
fromthethe
outlet
outletofofthe
therunner
runnerto tothe
thetail
tailrace.
race.

19
 RUNNER MOVABLE VANES

STATIONARY GUIDE
20
GUIDE WHEEL VANES
 u1
R1 1

v1
vr1
1

Rotation

v2
2 R2 = R 1
1
vr2 u2
 Q Fluid velocity
CQ   CQ
ND 3 Blade velocity = flow coefficient
CH = head coefficient
CP = power coefficient
Q = discharge
gH
CH  2 2 N = rotational speed
N D D = diameter
g = gravity
H = head
P P = power
CP 
 N 3 D5  = density
 C1P 2
N sp  5 4
CH Nsp = Specific speed

NP1 2 CH = head coefficient


 1 2  gH  CP
54 = power coefficient
N = rotational speed
P = power
 = density
g = gravity
NP1 2 H = head
N sp  5 4
H
Type Typical Rad Rev Metric British
head

Pelton >300 <0.2 <0.03 <30 <10

Francis 500-30 0.25-1.3 0.04-0.2 50-250 10-60

Kaplan 50-4 2-6 0.3-1 360- 100-300

1200
•• The
Thedraft
drafttube
tubeisisaapipe
pipeof
ofgradually
graduallyincreasing
increasing
area
areawhich
whichconnects
connectsthetheoutlet
outletofofthe
therunner
runner
with
withthe
thetailrace.
tailrace.One
Oneend
endofofthe
thedraft
drafttube
tubeisis
connected
connectedto tothe
theoutlet
outletof
ofthe
therunner
runnerwhile
whilethethe
other
otherend
endisissubmerged
submergedbelow
belowthethelevel
levelof
ofwater
water
ininthe
thetail
tailrace.
race.
•• ItItcreates
createsaanegative
negativehead
headatatthe
theoutlet
outletofofthe
the
runner
runnerthereby
therebyincreasing
increasingthe
thenet
nethead
headononthe
the
turbine.
turbine.
•• ItItconverts
convertsaalarge
largeproportion
proportionofofrejected
rejectedkinetic
kinetic
energy
energyinto
intouseful
usefulpressure
pressureenergy
energy

28
•• Conical
ConicalDraft
DraftTube
Tube
•• Simple
SimpleElbow
ElbowTube
Tube
•• Moody
MoodySpreading
SpreadingTube
Tube
•• Elbow
ElbowDraft
DraftTube
Tubewith
withcirular
cirularinlet
inletand
and
rectangular
rectangularoutlet
outlet

29
30
• It is the operation by which the speed of the
turbine is kept constant under all conditions of
working load. This is done automatically by a
governor which regulates the rate flow through
the turbines according to the changing load
conditions on the turbine.
• Governing of a turbine is absolutely necessary if
the turbine is coupled to an electric generator
which is required to run at constant speed under
all fluctuating load conditions.

31
•• The
TheServomotor
Servomotoror orRelay
RelayCylinder
Cylinder
•• The
TheDistribution
DistributionValve
ValveororControl
ControlValve
Valve
•• Actuator
Actuatoror orPump
Pump
•• Oil
OilSump
Sump
•• Gear
Gearpump
pumpwhich
whichruns
runsby
bytapping
tappingpower
powerfrom
from
the
thepower
powershaft
shaftby
bybelt
beltdrive
drive
•• AApipe
pipesystem
systemcommunicating
communicatingwithwiththe
thecontrol
control
valve,
valve,servomotor
servomotorandandthe
thesump
sump
32
33
•• http://web.iitd.ac.in/~pmvs/courses/mel346/
http://web.iitd.ac.in/~pmvs/courses/mel346/
mel346-16.ppt
mel346-16.ppt
•• http://web.iitd.ac.in/~pmvs/courses/mel346/
http://web.iitd.ac.in/~pmvs/courses/mel346/
kaplan-design-wed.ppt
kaplan-design-wed.ppt
•• http://web.iitd.ac.in/~pmvs/courses/mel346/
http://web.iitd.ac.in/~pmvs/courses/mel346/
mel346-26.ppt
mel346-26.ppt
•• http://web.iitd.ac.in/~pmvs/courses/mel346/
http://web.iitd.ac.in/~pmvs/courses/mel346/
mel346-20&21.ppt
mel346-20&21.ppt

34
•• http://www.gonuke.org/ComprehensiveTeachi
http://www.gonuke.org/ComprehensiveTeachi
ngToolkits/Quality%20Assurance_Quality
ngToolkits/Quality%20Assurance_Quality
%20Control/CSCC%20NE%20212%20Power
%20Control/CSCC%20NE%20212%20Power
%20Plant%20Construction%20and%20QA
%20Plant%20Construction%20and%20QA
%20QC/Lectures/Turbines/Hydraulic
%20QC/Lectures/Turbines/Hydraulic
%20Turbines%20&%20Reciprocating
%20Turbines%20&%20Reciprocating
%20Engines.ppt
%20Engines.ppt
•• http://engrasad.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/2/1/
http://engrasad.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/2/1/
14213514/6.hydraulic_machinery-turbines.ppt
14213514/6.hydraulic_machinery-turbines.ppt

35
•• http://www.ivt.ntnu.no/ept/fag/tep4195/innh
http://www.ivt.ntnu.no/ept/fag/tep4195/innh
old/Forelesninger/2007/hydra%20in
old/Forelesninger/2007/hydra%20in
%20hydraulic%20machinery.ppt
%20hydraulic%20machinery.ppt
•• https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/2/2c/Actual_velocity_diagram_of_franc
mons/2/2c/Actual_velocity_diagram_of_franc
is_turbine.jpg
is_turbine.jpg
•• Fluid
FluidPower
PowerEngineering,Books
Engineering,BooksIndia
India
Publication.
Publication.

36