DEFINITION OF SYNTAX AND WORD

CLASSES (1)
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DEFINITION OF SYNTAX
 Syntax is the part of linguistics that studies the structure and formation of
sentences. It explains how words and phrases are arranged to form correct
sentences. A sentence could make no sense and still be correct from the
syntax point of view as long as words are in their appropriate spots and agree
with each other.
 The part of grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of sentences and
their structures is called syntax. (Fromkin, 2014)
WORD CLASSES (1)

The term word class is similar to the more traditional term part of speech.
The two major families of word classes are:
(1) Lexical (or open or form) classes (noun, verbs, adjectives, adverbs)
(2) Function (or closed or structure) classes (determiners, prticles, prepositions,
and others)
1. NOUN
What is a noun?
 Nouns are often described as being the ‘name of something’ including people
and places. (Linda Thomas, 1993)
 A noun is a word that identifies a person, animal, place, thing, or idea. Here,
we’ll take a closer look at what makes a noun a noun, and we’ll provide some
noun examples, along with some advice for using nouns in your sentences.
IDENTIFYING A NOUN
A noun is a part of speech that denotes a person, animal, place, thing, or idea. The
English word noun has its roots in the Latin word nomen, which means “name.”
Every language has words that are nouns. As you read the following explanations,
think about some words that might fit into each category.
 Person – A term for a person, whether proper name, gender, title, or class, is a
noun.
 Animal – A term for an animal, whether proper name, species, gender, or class is a
noun.
 Place – A term for a place, whether proper name, physical location, or general
locale is a noun.
 Thing – A term for a thing, whether it exists now, will exist, or existed in the past
is a noun.
 Idea – A term for an idea, be it a real, workable idea or a fantasy that might never
come to fruition is a noun.
HOW NOUNS FUNCTION
Nouns have several important functions. While it’s impossible to list them all
here, we’ll go over the most important jobs nouns are tasked with.
 Nouns are subjects. Every sentence has a subject, which is a noun that tells us
what that sentence is all about. John swung the baseball bat.
 Nouns are direct objects. These nouns receive action from verbs. John swung the
baseball bat.
 Nouns are indirect objects. These nouns receive the direct object. Brad threw
John the ball.
 Nouns are objects of prepositions. These nouns follow the prepositions in
prepositional phrases. John swung the baseball bat at Greg.
 Nouns are predicate nominatives. These nouns follow linking verbs and rename
the subject. John is a baseball player.
 Nouns are object complements. These nouns complete the direct object. They
named their dog Max.
TYPES OF NOUNS IN ENGLISH
According to Nomenclature:
 Abstract nouns, examples: honesty, kindness, happiness.

 Concrete nouns, examples: man, iron, water, salt.

 Common noun, examples: boy, girl, day.

 Collective nouns, examples: team, class, committee

 Proper noun, examples: America, Monday, July.

 Material noun, examples: gold, wood, glass.

According to amount:
 Countable noun is anything that can be counted, examples: table, book, pen,
etc.
 Uncountable noun is anything that cannot be counted, examples: salt, water,
sugar.
2. VERB

Definition of Verb
 A verb is a word which describes an action. (Linda Thomas, 1993)

 Richard et al defined verb like this: “Verb is a word which, (a) occurs as part of
the predicate of a sentence, (b) carries markers of grammatical categories such as
tense, aspect, person, number, and mood, and (c) refers to an action or state.”
List of All Verb Types
 Action verbs: run, push, do.

 Transitive verbs: like, love, eat.

 Intransitive verbs: sleep, run, swim.

 Auxiliary verbs: is, am, are.

 Stative verbs: know, think.

 Modal verbs: will, may, can.

 Regular verbs:
 call, called, called
 rob, robbed, robbed.
 Irregular verbs:
 be, was were, been
 eat, ate, eaten.
 give, gave, given.
3. ADJECTIVE

Definition of Adjective
 Adjectives are sometimes called ‘describing words’ in that. As far as their
meaning is concerned, they define attributes or characteristics. (Linda
Thomas, 1993)
 Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words, making your
writing and speaking much more specific, and a whole lot more interesting.
TYPES OF ADJECTIVE
 Articles: a, an, the.
 Possessive adjectives: my, our, your.

 Demonstrative adjectives: these, those, that, this.

 Coordinate adjectives, for example: the sign had big, bold, and bright letters.

 Numbers adjectives: one, two.

 Interrogative adjectives: whose, what, which.

 Indefinite adjectives: any, many, several.

 Attributive adjectives:
 Observation adjectives: real, perfect, best, interesting, beautiful or cheapest. 
 Size adjectives: small, large.
 Age adjectives: old, young, new, five-year-old.
 Color adjectives: pink, yellow, blue.
 Origin adjectives: American, Canadian, Mexican, French.
 Material adjectives: cotton, gold, wool.
 Qualifier adjectives: log cabin, luxury car, and pillow cover.
4. ADVERB

Definition of Adverb
 An adverb is a word which is often added as an information in relation to
circumstances of manner, time, or place. These types of adeverbs are called
“circumstance adverbs”. (Linda Thomas, 1993)
 An adverb is a word that is used to change or qualify the meaning of an 
adjective, a verb, a clause, another adverb, or any other type of word or
phrase with the exception of determiners and adjectives that directly modify
nouns.
TYPES OF ADVERB

 Adverbs of frequency: sometimes,rarely.

 Adverbs of manner: quickly, slowly.

 Adverbs of Place: school, office, hospital.

 Adverb of time: yesterday, next week, 2 months ago.

 Adverb of degree: Almost, absolutely.

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