Parameters of Animal

Classification
 Symmetry
• They allow an animal to be divided into equal parts.
• Assymetry have no patterns or symmetry (Phylum Porifera)
• Radial Symmetry have longitudinal orientation which
produces mirror – image halves (Phylum Cnidaria and
Phylum Echinodermata)
• Bilateral Symmetry have a “head” and “tail” (anterior vs.
posterior) and a back and underside (dorsal vs. ventral).
(The rest of all phyla)
Symmetry
 Metamerism
•Presence of segments or repeated
units.
•Millipedes and Centipedes
•Phylum Chordata , Arthropoda and
Annelida
 Embryonic Tissues
• Complex tissues and organs
are developed in terms of
number of layers.
• Simpler animals – poriferans
and cnidarians (only have two
germ layers or diploblastic)
• Complex animals – three germ
layer (triploblastic)
 Body Cavity or Coelom
• Where vital organs are located.
• Pseudocoelom have no body parts.
• Simpler animal groups like poriferans, cnidarians,
nematodes and platyhelminthes are pseudocoelom.
• Eucoelom have a true body parts.
• Complex animals like arthropods, mammals and
annelida are eucoelom.
• Acoelom have lack of coelom
 Location of Skeletons
•Endoskeleton – where the bones located
inside the body (e.g. mammals).
•Exoskeleton – where the bones located
outside the body. (e.g. insects and
mollusks).
Location of Skeletons
 Mammalian Development
• Viviparity – having their young develop
inside the mother’s body.
• Oviparity – having a young develop and
hatch from egg that they lay.
 Digestive tract
•Enterozoans have a digestive tract.
•Parazoans have no digestive tract.
 Animal Diversity

Vertebrates Invertebrates
• Invertebrates lack backbone which is present in
vertebrates. In this section, you will discover the
diverse characteristics, uses and roles in the
environment of nine in about thirty five animal
phyla.
 SPONGES
• They are belong to Phylum Porifera which lives in shallow
and deep oceans. Young sponges are motile, while adults
are attached to solid materials like rocks or sessile.
• The body of a hard sponge is called spicules which is a
network of protein fibers supports soft sponges. This is the
one used for bathing and washing.
• Food and water is brought inside ostia (filter feeder).
• Waste water and materials go out of the sponge through
the osculum.
 SPONGES
• Mostly asymmetrical
• 2 cell layers:
• Outer cell layer = epidermal layer
• Inner cell layer is lined with choanocytes which are
flagellated cells used to bring in food and water
through ostia.
• Not made up of tissues and the body is bearing many
pores.
 Cnidarians
• Members of Phylum Cnidaria consist of animals whose
tentacles contain stinging cells called nematocysts.
• These poison-filled structures are used for defense and to
capture their prey or food. Once released, this can be painful
and even fatal like an attack by jellyfishes.
• Corals form colonies of various colors and secrete a hard
skeleton. A coral reef is where fishes and other marine
organisms breed.
 Cnidarians
• Two body forms: Sessile polyp and motile larva and medusa
• Sac-like gut with one opening (no anus)(Dead End digestive
tract)
• Have radial symmetry
• Two cell layers (diploblastic): Ectodermic layer and
Endoderm layer
• Stinging nematocysts along tentacles to capture prey and for
defense
• Gastrovascular cavity
Cnidarians
Cnidarians
 Cnidarians
• Hydrozoa - Hydroids (hydra-like),
some are jelly-like
• Scyphozoa - True sea jellies
• Anthozoa - Includes corals and
sea anemones and lack medusa
phase, polyps only.
 Phylum Platyhelminthes
• It came from the Greek word platys
means flat, helmins means worm)
• Only have one opening for digestive
tract
• Can be parasitic, carnivorous, or
herbivorous
• Cephalization: development of a
head.
 Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Dorsoventrally flat bodies
• 3 layers: epidermis, mesenchymes
and endodermis
• (no anus)(Dead End digestive tract)
TAPEWORMS
 TAPEWORMS
•Tapeworms are also parasitic flatworms
like flukes without a digestive system. It
can have fish, cows and pigs as hosts.
Humans can be infected with
tapeworms if they eat uncooked fish,
beef or pork.
 NEMATODES
• Roundworms are members of Phylum
Nematoda.
• Have long, cylindrical and slender bodies.
• They are free-living while others are parasites of
animals and plants.
• They are important as they are decomposers in
the soil in both marine and freshwaters.
 NEMATODES
•Decaying organic matter.
•Parasitic roundworms can be found in
moist tissues of plants and animals.
•Heartworms for example can infect dogs
and cats.
 NEMATODES
• Humans can be infected with parasitic roundworms
such as trichina worms, hookworms and the more
common pinworms and Ascaris afflicting children.
• Pseudocoelomate
• Have chemoreceptors:
• Phasmids (posterior end)
• Amphids (anterior end)
Ascaris lumbricoides
 ANNELIDS:SEGMENTED WORMS
• These are characterized by a segmented or
repeated body parts.
• This makes them move easily and with
flexibility.
• They are mostly found crawling in moist soil
or swimming in sea and freshwaters.
 ANNELIDS:SEGMENTED WORMS
• Have typhlosole which is analogous with the
villus of the human intestine.
• They have well developed nervous,
circulatory, digestive, reproductive and
excretory systems.
 SEGMENTED WORMS
•Examples of annelids are earthworms,
polychaetes and leeches.
•Each segment contains most of the internal
structures of these systems. Gas exchange
only occurs by diffusion through their skin.
•Earthworms need to be in moist places like
under rocks or stay buried in the soil because
they get nutrients and eliminate wastes
(castings) through the anus. In this way they
aerate the soil and the castings serve as
fertilizer.
 Polychaetes
• Class Polychaeta: bristle worms
• Most polychaetes are marine living in
tubes attached to rocks or sand. They
get floating food through the feathery
gills. (Sandworms)
• Have many setae (bristles) that extend
from their parapodia (appendages)
• Typically either filter feeders or
carnivorous.
 EARTHWORMS
• Class Oligochaeta: Earthworms
• Found in terrestrial & freshwater habitats
• Herbivorous or detritivorous
• Few setae and no parapodia
• Hermaphroditic
 LEECHES
• Class Hirudinea: Leeches
• Leeches are blood-sucking annelids. They have
suckers in both ends of their bodies that are also used
to attach themselves to their hosts. They secrete an
anti-clotting chemical that has been used in medicine.
• Live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats
• They have no bristles and no parapodia
• Can be free-living (carnivorous) or parasitic.
 MOLLUSKS
• Mollusks (Phylum Mollusca) are soft-bodied
invertebrates with most of them covered by a
shell. They have complex respiratory,
reproductive, circulatory, digestive and excretory
systems functioning together for their survival.
 MOLLUSKS
• The mollusk’s body has
three parts: a muscular
foot for locomotion, a
mantle that produces
the shell, and the
visceral mass that
contains their internal
organs.
 MOLLUSKS
• Mollusks consist of three classes: the
Gastropods, Bivalves and Cephalopods.
2 types of mollusks
RADULA – ORAL CAVITY
Class Polyplacophora: chitons
 GASTROPODS
• Gastropods, also called univalves, as you have
observed, has only one shell. They are mostly
marine with freshwater and terrestrial members.
Those living in seas have gills for breathing and
those on land use the lining of their mantle as
lungs. Sea and land slugs, as well as nudibranchs
are examples of gastropods.
GASTROPODS
 BIVALVES
• It consist of two shells attached to each
other. Some bivalves are attached to rocks
while others remain in the sand or mud.
They use their mantle cavity to feed by
trapping suspended particles in water and
for gas exchange. Mussels, oysters, and
clams are bivalves.
BIVALVES
 CEPHALOPODS
• The cephalopod group include the squid,
octopus and cuttlefish with internal
skeleton. The chambered nautilus has
external skeleton while the octopus is shell-
less. All cephalopods are described as the
most active mollusks, moving very fast using
arms and tentacles in catching prey.
CEPHALOPODS
 ECHINODERMS
• Spiny skin as a result of the growth of
endoskeletons called ossicle.
• Modified radial symmetry (pentaradial, biradial
symmetry)
• They possesses water vascular system for food
and waste transportation, respiration and
locomotion.
 ECHINODERMS
• Sea stars have the ability to regenerate. A cut
arm can easily regrow into a new sea star.
• Unique to echinoderms is the presence of the
water-filled tubes that spread out to form the
tube feet. Tube feet are used for getting food,
moving around and gas exchange.
STARFISH
 ECHINODERMS
• Echinoderm species which are edible include the
sea urchin and sea cucumber. Holothuria edulis,
a sea cucumber, is dried and used as ingredient
for chopsuey and soups.
 ARTHROPODA
• Have you observed what grasshoppers,
spiders, crabs and centipedes have in
common? They have jointed legs. These
animals belong to Phylum Arthropoda.
• Most successful of all animal phyla as they
are present in almost all types of habitats.
 ARTHROPODA
• There are arthropods that walk or crawl, some can
fly, while others swim in salty and freshwaters.
• They are exoskeleton. This is made of chitin and
varies from thin and flexible to thick and hard
exoskeletons. These animals grow a new skeleton
many times in their life to give way to growth,
specifically, increase in size through the process of
molting.
 ARTHROPODA
• Animals with segmented appendages
• 6 appendage (insects)
• 8 appendage (arachnids)
• 10 appendages (crustaceans)
• 1 pair of legs per segment (centipedes)
• 2 pairs of legs per segment (millipedes)
 ARTHROPODA
•Appendages may be used for avoiding
predators, getting food, walking or
swimming. Crustaceans form one group
of arthropods which includes water
fleas, crabs, shrimps, lobsters and
barnacles.
 ARTHROPODA
• They have hard exoskeletons and have mandible
to bite and grind food. They live in water. You see
it in the soil as the small creature that rolls into a
tiny ball when disturbed. Aquatic crustaceans
have gills for breathing. Many crustaceans serve
as a food for humans. The small ones are eaten
by fishes and even whales.
 ARTHROPODA
•Arachnids have two body sections, most
with four pairs of legs and mouthparts
called chelicerae and pedipalps. They use
book lungs to respire.
•Spiders with thin and flexible exoskeleton
are the largest members of the group.
 ARTHROPODA
•Mites and ticks are parasitic arachnids.
They cause itching to some mammals,
including humans.
•Scorpions have a poisonous sting. The
horse shoe crab, a close relative of
arachnids, is considered the oldest living
arthropod.
 ARTHROPODA
• Millipedes and centipedes, close relatives of insects have long,
wormlike segmented bodies. They have a pair of antenna and
each segment bear a pair or two legs. These animals live in the
soil, under rocks or rotting logs and leaves.
• Millipedes have two pairs of legs per segment and roll up when
disturbed. They feed on decaying matter.
• Centipedes have a pair of legs in a segment. They have venom-
containing claws and feed on earthworms, even other
arthropods and small animals.
 ARTHROPODA
• Insects form the largest group among
arthropods. They have three body sections,
three pairs of legs, a pair of antenna and one to
two pairs of wings.
• Insects are more adapted for flying and have
tracheal tubes for respiration. They are present
in great numbers in all kinds of environments
except in marine waters.
 ARTHROPODA
• Exoskeleton of insects as that of a fly is thin. Insects
are also successful animals because they reproduce
rapidly.
• Dragonflies, grasshoppers, aphids, and butterflies are
some examples of insects.
ARTHROPODS
 Chordates
• Possesses notochord which developed into
backbone or vertebral column
• Possesses dorsal nerve cord and post anal tail
• During embryotic development, it exhibit
pharyngeal slits which are developed into gills
(aquatic organisms) and lungs (terrestrial
organism)
 Chordates
• Animals belonging to Phylum Chordata have four
characteristics that are present in any of the stages in
their life cycle. These are the notochord, the dorsal
hollow nerve cord, gill slits and a post-anal tail. In
many chordates, the notochord later becomes the
backbone. Humans being a member of the chordate
group have the notochord, tail and gill slits only in the
embryo stage.
 Chordates
• However, there are lower chordates that do not
have a backbone. Examples are the tunicates
and lancelets. The adult tunicates have only
the gill slits present but the larva stages have all
the four features. They attach to solid materials
like rocks or coral reefs and they filter feeders,
taking in food particles suspended in water.
 Chordates
• Lancelets have the four chordate
characteristics present in the adult stage.
They live in the sandy ocean bottom. They
are also suspension feeders. Lancelets move
in a fishlike motion using the muscles on
both sides of their body.
TUNICATES AND LANCELETS
 Vertebrates
• Most vertebrates are sea and land dwellers forming
the large group of chordates. The vertebrates’
notochord is replaced by the backbone or the
vertebral column. The nerve cord is enclosed by the
projections of the vertebrae. The protected nerve
cord enlarges at the anterior end to develop into the
brain. The tail can be the bone and muscle that
animals use for swimming in aquatic species.
FISH
 FISH
• Fishes are vertebrates found in salty, fresh, cold or
even hot water. Most have scales for protection,
paired fins for movement and gills for gas exchange.
Fishes may lay eggs to reproduce or give birth to live
young. They are cold bloodied because their body
temperature changes when environment temperature
changes. Certain fishes do not have true teeth or may
be jawless as compared to the others.
 FISH
• Jawless fishes belong to Class Agnatha. Examples
are the lampreys and hag fish. Lampreys, being
parasites, have tooth-like structures in their
mouth that can attach to bodies of other fishes
and feed on their tissues and blood. The hagfish
is wormlike and use a toothlike tongue to eat
dead organisms.
 FISH
• Jawless fishes belong to Class Agnatha.
 FISH
• Cartilaginous fishes include the rays, skates and
sharks. They have a skeleton made of the soft, flexible
protein material called cartilage. Most cartilaginous
fishes are covered with a tough, sand paper like skin
due to the presence of tooth like scales. Skates and
rays have wing like fins and move in a gliding motion
through the water. Some of them eat floating
planktons while others feed on invertebrates at the
bottom of seas and oceans.
 FISH

•Cartilaginous
fishes
 FISH
•Sharks may feed on small fishes or on
floating algae. The whale shark
(Rincodon typus), the largest fish, and
locally known as butanding is found in
marine waters of Cebu, Sorsogon and
Dumaguete.
 FISH
• The diverse groups of bony fishes belong to Class
Osteichthyes. These are the fishes that have an
endoskeleton made of hard, calcium material called
bone. Bony fishes are more familiar to you like bangus
(milkfish), tuna, goldfish, and tilapia. The non-familiar
lungfish breathes through the lungs in addition to
having gills also for respiration. Eels are wormlike
fishes.
 AMPHIBIANS
• Amphibia means “double life” from which
amphibians got their name. This refers to animals
that live part in water and part on land. Most lay
small, shell-less eggs surrounded by jellylike
substance in moist places or in water. These hatch
into tadpoles with gills and tails. They lose the tail
to develop lungs as well as legs and move to land
but close to water or damp habitats.
AMPHIBIANS
 AMPHIBIANS
• They also have moist skin to help the lungs for
gas exchange while in dry land. Amphibians are
divided into three groups, the caecilians,
salamanders, and frog and toads. Ceacilians live
in water or bury themselves in moist soil.
Salamanders live in forest floors under rocks and
decaying logs.
 AMPHIBIANS
• Both frogs and toads jump. Some frogs can leap
and attach to tree trunks and branches. Toads
are terrestrial and can even survive in hot places
or desert. Frogs have smooth skin while toads
have rough or warty skin. Frogs and toads eat
worms, insects or small animals.
 REPTILES
• Reptiles are animals that exhibit more
adaptations for living on land. They lay eggs
with shells to protect them from drying.
They also have smooth or rough scales for
protection from loss of body water.
 REPTILES
• Lizards and snakes have smooth scales. Examples of
lizards are the house lizard, gecko (tuko), monitor
lizard (bayawak), chamleleon and horned toad. Snakes
are legless and have flexible jaws to enable them to
swallow their prey whole.
• A common snake species is the reticulated python
seen in zoos. Poisonous species include the cobra and
the rattle snake. Snakes however, avoid people and do
not attack unless provoked or hurt.
 REPTILES
•Lizards and
snakes
 REPTILES
• Crocodiles and alligators are also reptiles. They are
predators of fish, deers, small cows or carabaos, and
even attack humans.
• Alligators live in freshwater and are only found in
North and South America.
• Crocodiles live in fresh and salty waters in tropical and
subtropical regions.
 REPTILES
• In the Philippines, two species are present, the
endemic Crocodylus mindorensis (Philippine
Crocodile) and the saltwater Crocodylus porosus. The
Philippine crocodile is considered a critically
endangered crocodile species in the world.
 REPTILES
• Bodies of turtles and tortoises are enclosed in a
shell. The head, legs and tail are pulled inside
this shell as protection from predators. Tortoises
live on land while turtles live mostly in water.
Pawikan (marine turtles) live in the sea and
females come to shore only to lay eggs. There
are species of marine turtles which are at
present in danger of extinction.
 REPTILES
Turtles and tortoises
 BIRDS
• Birds are adapted to fly. Characteristics of birds that enable
them to fly include: presence of wings and feathers, large
flight muscles in the breast bone and reduced weight.
• Birds weigh less because their bones are light and hollow
filled with air and also have eggs with shells and the legs are
covered with scales.
• Their body temperature remains the same despite varying
environmental temperature due to the insulation provided
by feathers.
 BIRDS
• Birds have bills or
beaks, and in
coordination with the
type of wings and feet
they have, are
adapted to where
they live and the kind
of food they eat.
 MAMMALS

Marsupials Monotremes

Eutherians
 MAMMALS
• Mammals differ from other animals because
they have mammary glands that produce
milk to nourish their young and most have
hair or fur. They breathe in air, have four-
chambered hearts and are warm-blooded.
Most of them also give birth to live young
and care for them.
 monotremes
•The first group of mammals, called
monotremes, lay eggs similar to those
of birds. The spiny anteater (echidnas)
living in Australia, New Zealand and New
Guinea as well as the duck-billed
platypus are monotremes.
 mARsupials
• Marsupials or the pouched mammals also give birth
to live young. After birth, the young are kept inside
pouches and are nourished with the milk from the
mammary glands within these pouches. Some
marsupials are found in Central and South America.
The opossum lives only in North America. Others,
such as the more familiar koalas, kangaroos and
wombats and flying phalangers, are found in Australia
and New Zealand.
 EUTHERIANS
• The eutherians comprise the largest group of
mammals. Known as the placental mammals,
they bear fully developed young inside the
mother’s uterus. These young are attached to
the placenta through which they receive
nourishment until they are born. After birth,
they continue to be cared for and nourished by
milk from the mammary glands.
PLACENTAL MAMMALS