Lecture 39 - Footings

April 24, 2002

CVEN 444
 Lecture Goals

• Footing Examples
 Example
Design a square footing to support a 18 in. square
column tied interior column reinforced with 8 #9
bars. The column carries an unfactored axial dead
load of 245 k and an axial live load of 200 k. The
base of the footing is 4 ft. below final grade and
allowable soil pressure is 5 k/ft2 Use fc = 3 ksi and
fy = 60 ksi
 Example 1
Assume a depth of footing. (2 ft or 24 in.) The
weight of concrete and the soil are:
1 ft.
Wc  d  150 lb/ft * 24 in. *
3
 300 lb/ft 2
12 in.

 1 ft. 
Ws   s d s  100 lb/ft *  4 ft  24 in. *
3   200 lb/ft 2
 
 12 in. 
 Example 1
The effective soil pressure is given as:

qeff  qs  Wc  Ws
 5000 lb/ft 2  300 lb/ft 2  200 lb/ft 2
 4500 lb/ft 2  4.5 k/ft 2
 Example 1
Calculate the size of the footing:

Actual Loads  DL  LL  245 k  200 k  445 k

445 k
Area of footing   98.9 ft 2
2
4.5 k/ft
Side of footing  9.94 ft  Use 10 ft
 Example 1
Calculate net upward pressure:

Actual Loads  1.4 DL  1.7 LL

 1.4 245 k   1.7 200 k   683 k
683 k
Net upward pressure qn   6.83 k / ft 2
100 ft 2
 Example 1
Calculate the depth of the reinforcement use # 8 bars
with a crisscrossing layering.

d  h  cover  1.5d b
d  24 in.  3 in  1.51.0 in 
 19.5 in.
 Example 1
Calculate perimeter for two-way shear or
punch out shear. The column is 18 in.
square.
bo  4 c  d 
 418 in.  19.5 in.  150 in.
 1 ft 
c  d  18 in.  19.5 in.    3.125 ft
 
 12 in 
 Example 1
Calculate the shear Vu

Vu  Pu  qn  c  d 
2

 683 k  6.83 k/ft 2  3.125 ft   616 k

2

The shape parameter

10 ft
 1
10 ft
 Example 1
Calculate d value from the shear capacity according to
11.12.2.1 chose the largest value of d
 4 
Vc   2   f c b0 d
 
 c 
 d 
Vc   s  2  f c b0 d
s is 40 for interior, 30 for edge
  and 20 for corner column
 bo 
Vc  4 f c b0 d
 Example 1
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
two way shear

 1000 lb 
616 k  
Vu  
d   1k   19.1 in.
 4 f c b0 
0.85 4 4000 150 in  
 Example 1
The second equation bo is dependent on d so use the
assumed values and you will find that d is smaller and
 = 40
Vu
d Actual (d =14.02324 in.)
 40d 
  2  f c b0 bo=128.93 in
 
 ob 
 1000 lb 
616 k  
 
  1k   10.6 in.
 4019.5 in  
0.85
 
 
 2  4000 150 in 
 150 in 
 Example 1
The depth of the footing can be calculated
by using one-way shear
  1 ft  
 18 in   
L c   10 ft    1 ft  
  d    12 in   19.5 in  
    
2 2  2 2  12 in  
 
 
 2.625 ft

L c 
Vu  qn  l2     d 
 
2 2 
 6.83 k/ft 2 10 ft  2.625 ft   179.3 k
 Example 1
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
one-way shear
 1000 lb 
179.3 k  
Vu  
d   1k   13.9 in.
 2 fc b    12 in  
0.85 2 4000 10 ft  
   
   1 ft   

The footing is 19.5 in. > 13.9 in. so it will work.

 Example 1
Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the
edge of the column
  1 ft  
 18 in  
 L c   10 ft  
     12 in    4.25 ft
   
 2 2 2 2
 
 
L c
  
 L c   2 2   4.25 ft  10 ft   616.8 k - ft
M u  qn    b  6.83 k/ft 4.25 ft 
 
 2 2 2 2
 Example 1
Calculate Ru for the footing to find of the footing.

 12 in. 
616.8 k - ft *  
Mu  
Ru    1 ft   0.1622 ksi
bd 2 120 in  * 19.5 in  2
 Example 1
From Ru for the footing the value can be found.
1.7 Ru
Ru  f c 1  0.59     1.7 
2
0
f c

  
0. 1622 ksi
1.7  1.7   41.7 
2

  0.9 4 ksi   
  
  0.04632
2
 fy 0.04632 4 ksi 
 0.04632     0.0031
fc 60 ksi
 Example 1
Compute the area of steel needed
  12 in.  
As   bd  0.0030910 ft  19.5 in.  7.23 in 2
  
  1 ft  
The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is
As  0.0018 bh  0.0018120 in. 24 in.  5.18 in 2
The minimum amount of steel for flexure is
200  200 
As  bd   120 in.19.5 in.  7.8 in 2  Use
 
fy  60000 
 Example 1
Use a #7 bar (0.60 in2) Compute the number of bars
need As 7.8 in 2
n   13  Use 13 bars
Ab 0.60 in 2
Determine the spacing between bars
L  2 * cover 120 in - 2 3 in 
s   9.5 in
 n  1 12
 Example 1
Check the bearing stress. The bearing strength N1, at
the base of the column, 18 in x 18 in.,  0.7
 
N1    0.85 f c A1   0.7 0.85 4 ksi 18 in   771 k
2

The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is

A2
N 2  N1  2 N1
A1
 Example 1
A2  10 ft   100 ft 2
2

2
  1 ft  
A1  18 in     2.25 ft 2
  
  12 in.  
The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is

A2 100 ft 2
  6.67  2  N 2  2 N1  2 771 k   1542 k
A1 2.25 ft 2
 Example 1
Pu =683 k < N1, bearing stress is adequate. The
minimum area of dowels is required.
0.005 A1  0.005 * 18 in   1.62 in 2
2

Use minimum number of bars is 4, so use 4 # 8 bars

placed at the four corners of the column.
 Example 1
The development length of the dowels in compression
from ACI Code 12.3.2 for compression.

0.02d b f y 0.021 in  60000 psi 

ld    18.97 in  Use 19 in
fc 4000 psi

The minimum ld , which has to be greater than 8 in., is

ld  0.0003d b f y  0.00031 in  60000 psi   18 in  8 in

 Example 1

Therefore, use 4#8 dowels in the corners of

the column extending 19 in. into the column
and the footing. Note that ld is less than the
given d = 19.5 in., which is sufficient
development length.
 Example 1
The development length, ld for the #7 bars for the
reinforcement of the footing.
ld

fy
 ld 
f ydb

 60000 psi  0.875 in 
 41.5 in
d b 20 f c 20 f c 20 4000 psi

There is adequate development length provided.

L c 120 in 18 in
ld   cover    3 in   48 in
2 2 2 2
Example 1 - Final Design
 Example 2
Design a footing to support a 18 in. square column
tied interior column reinforced with 8 #9 bars.
The column carries an unfactored axial dead load
of 245 k and an axial live load of 200 k. The base
of the footing is 4 ft. below final grade and
allowable soil pressure is 5 k/ft2 Use fc = 3 ksi and
fy = 60 ksi. Limit one side of the footing to 8.5 ft.
 Example 2
Assume a depth of footing. (2 ft or 24 in.) The
weight of concrete and the soil are:
1 ft.
Wc  d  150 lb/ft * 24 in. *
3
 300 lb/ft 2
12 in.

 1 ft. 
Ws   s d s  100 lb/ft *  4 ft  24 in. *
3   200 lb/ft 2
 
 12 in. 
 Example 2
The effective soil pressure is given as:

qeff  qs  Wc  Ws
 5000 lb/ft 2  300 lb/ft 2  200 lb/ft 2
 4500 lb/ft 2  4.5 k/ft 2
 Example 2
Calculate the size of the footing:
Actual Loads  DL  LL  245 k  200 k  445 k
445 k
Area of footing   98.9 ft 2
4.5 k/ft 2
98.9 ft 2
Side of footing   11 .64 ft  Use 12 ft
8.5 ft
 Example 2
Calculate net upward pressure:

Actual Loads  1.4 DL  1.7 LL

 1.4 245 k   1.7 200 k   683 k
683 k
Net upward pressure qn   6.70 k / ft 2
 8.5 ft 12 ft 
 Example 2
Calculate the depth of the reinforcement use # 8 bars
with a crisscrossing layering.

d  h  cover  1.5d b
d  24 in.  3 in  1.51.0 in 
 19.5 in.
 Example 2
The depth of the footing can be calculated
by using the one-way shear (long direction)
  1 ft  
 18 in   
L c   12 ft    1 ft  
  d    12 in   19.5 in  
    
2 2  2 2  12 in  
 
 
 3.625 ft
L c  Vu =150.7 k in
Vu  qn  l2     d  short direction
 
2 2 
 6.7 k/ft 2  8.5 ft  3.625 ft   206.4 k
 Example 2
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
one-way shear design
 1000 lb 
206.4 k  
Vu  
d   1k   18.8 in.
 2 fc b    12 in  
0.85 2 4000  8.5 ft  
   
   1 ft   

The footing is 19.5 in. > 18.8 in. so it will work.

 Example 2
Calculate perimeter for two-way shear or
punch out shear. The column is 18 in.
square.
bo  4 c  d 
 418 in.  19.5 in.  150 in.
 1 ft 
c  d  18 in.  19.5 in.    3.125 ft
 
 12 in 
 Example 2
Calculate the shear Vu

Vu  Pu  qn  c  d 
2

 683 k  6.7 k/ft 2  3.125 ft   617.6 k

2

The shape parameter

12 ft
  1.41
8.5 ft
 Example 2
Calculate d from the shear capacity according to
11.12.2.1 chose the largest value of d.
 4 
Vc   2   f c b0 d
 
 c 
 d 
Vc   s  2  f c b0 d
s is 40 for interior, 30 for edge
  and 20 for corner column
 bo 
Vc  4 f c b0 d
 Example 2
The depth of the footing can be calculated for the
two way shear
 1000 lb 
617.6 k  
Vu  
d   1k   15.8 in.
 4   4  

 2 
f c b0 0.85  2   4000 150 in  
    
    1 . 41  
 Example 2
The third equation bo is dependent on d so use the assumed
values and you will find that d is smaller and  = 40
Vu
d Actual (d =14.032 in.)
 40d 
   2  f c b0
  bo=128.173 in
 ob 
 1000 lb 
617.6 k  
 
  1k   10.64 in.
 4019.5 in  
0.85
 
 
 2  4000 150 in 
 150 in 
 Example 2
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
the two way shear

 1000 lb 
617.6 k 
Vu  
d   1k   19.14 in.
 4 f c b0 
0.85 4 4000 150 in  
 Example 2
Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the edge of
the column (long direction)
  1 ft  
 18 in  
 L c   12 ft  
     12 in    5.25 ft
   
 2 2 2 2
 
 
L c
  
 L c   2 2   5.25 ft   8.5 ft   784.8 k - ft
M u  qn    b  6.7 k/ft 5.25 ft 
 
 2 2 2 2
 Example 2
Calculate Ru for the footing to find of the footing.

 12 in. 
784.8 k - ft *  
Mu  
Ru    1 ft   0.2428 ksi
bd 2   12 in  
 8.5 ft   * 19.5 in  2
  
  1 ft  
 Example 2
Use the Ru for the footing to find .
1.7 Ru
Ru  f c 1  0.59     1.7 
2
0
f c

  
0. 2428 ksi
1.7  1.7   41.7 
2

  0.9 4 ksi   
  
  0.07036
2
 fy 0.07036 4 ksi 
 0.07036     0.00469
fc 60 ksi
 Example 2
Compute the amount of steel needed
  12 in.  
As   bd  0.00469 8.5 ft  19.5 in.  9.33 in 2
  
  1 ft  
The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is
As  0.0018 bh  0.0018102 in. 24 in.  4.41 in 2
The minimum amount of steel for flexure is
200  200 
As  bd   102 in.19.5 in.  6.63 in 2
 
fy  60000 
 Example 2
Use As =8.36 in2 with #8 bars (0.79 in2). Compute
the number of bars need
As 9.33 in 2
n   11 .8  Use 12 bars
Ab 0.79 in 2
Determine the spacing between bars

L  2 * cover 102 in - 2 3 in 
s   8.73 in
 n  1 11
 Example 2
Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the edge of
the column for short length
  1 ft  
 18 in  
 L c   8.5 ft  
     12 in    3.5 ft
   
 2 2 2 2
 
 
L c
  
 L c   2 2   3.5 ft  12 ft   492.5 k - ft
M u  qn    b  6.7 k/ft  3.5 ft 
 
 2 2 2 2
 Example 2
Calculate Ru for the footing to find of the footing.

 12 in. 
492.5 k - ft *  
Mu  
Ru    1 ft   0.1079 ksi
bd 2   12 in  
12 ft   * 19.5 in  2
  
  1 ft  
 Example 2
Use Ru for the footing to find .
1.7 Ru
Ru  f c 1  0.59     1.7 
2
0
f c

  
0 . 1079 ksi
1.7  1.7   41.7 
2

  0.9 4 ksi   
  
  0.0305
2
 fy 0.0305 4 ksi 
 0.0305     0.00203
fc 60 ksi
 Example 2
Compute the amount of steel needed
  12 in.  
As   bd  0.0020312 ft  19.5 in.  5.72 in 2
  
  1 ft  
The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is
As  0.0018 bh  0.0018144 in. 24 in.  6.22 in 2
The minimum amount of steel for flexure is
200  200 
As  bd   144 in.19.5 in.  9.36 in 2
 
fy  60000 
 Example 2
Use As =9.36 in2 with #6 bar (0.44 in2) Compute the
number of bars need
As 9.36 in 2
n   21.3  Use 22 bars
Ab 0.44 in 2
Calculate the reinforcement bandwidth

 Reinforcement in bandwidth 
   2  2  0.83
 
 Total reinforcement    1 1.41  1
 Example 2
The number of bars in the 8.5 ft band is 0.83(22)=19 bars .

Total # bars - band bars 22  19

outside # bar    1.5  Use 2 bars
2 2

So place 19 bars in 8.5 ft section and 2 bars in each in

(12ft -8.5ft)/2 =1.75 ft of the band.
 Example 2

Determine the spacing between bars for the band of 8.5 ft

L 102 in
s   5.67 in
 n  1 18

Determine the spacing between bars outside the band

L  cover 21 in - 3in
s   9 in
n 2
 Example 2
Check the bearing stress. The bearing strength N1, at
the base of the column, 18 in x 18 in.,  0.7
 
N1    0.85 f c A1   0.7 0.85 4 ksi 18 in   771 k
2

The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is

A2
N 2  N1  2 N1
A1
 Example 2
A2  10 ft   100 ft 2
2

2
  1 ft  
A1  18 in     2.25 ft 2
  
  12 in.  
The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is

A2 100 ft 2
  6.67  2  N 2  2 N1  2 771 k   1542 k
A1 2.25 ft 2
 Example 2
Pu =683 k < N1, bearing stress is adequate. The
minimum area of dowels is required.
0.005 A1  0.005 * 18 in   1.62 in 2
2

Use minimum number of bars is 4, so use 4 # 8 bars

placed at the four corners of the column.
 Example 2
The development length of the dowels in compression
from ACI Code 12.3.2 for compression.

0.02d b f y 0.021 in  60000 psi 

ld    18.97 in  Use 19 in
fc 4000 psi

The minimum ld , which has to be greater than 8 in., is

ld  0.0003d b f y  0.00031 in  60000 psi   18 in  8 in

 Example 2

Therefore, use 4#8 dowels in the corners of

the column extending 19 in. into the column
and the footing. Note that ld is less than the
given d = 19.5 in., which is sufficient
development length.
 Example 2
The development length, ld for the #8 bars

ld

fy
 ld 
f ydb

 60000 psi 1.0 in 
 47.4 in
db 20 f c 20 f c 20 4000 psi

There is adequate development length provided.

L c 144 in 18 in
ld   cover    3 in   60 in
2 2 2 2
 Example 2

The development length, ld for the #6 bars

ld

fy
 ld 
f ydb

 60000 psi 0.75 in 
 28.5 in
db 25 f c 25 f c 25 4000 psi

There is adequate development length provided.

L c 102 in 18 in
ld   cover    3 in   39 in
2 2 2 2
Example 2 - Final design

23 #6 12 #8