Lecture 6 - Flexure

January 28, 2002

CVEN 444
 Lecture Goals
• Class Project
• Structures
• Basic Concepts
• Rectangular Beams
 Class Project
3
The structural floor plan of a three-story 1 2 4

(ground floor, two suspended floors, A

and a roof) office building is shown on 1 1

0.75L

the next page. The roof covers the hole B

used for the elevator shaft and 0.75L

stairwells. The new building will be

2
C
2

located in Houston, Texas. The floor Hole for

Elevator
shafts and
0.75L

systems consist of one-way pan joists D stairwells

2 2
slabs supported in one direction by Pan joist -
rib
0.75L

beams located on column lines A E

direction
(typ)

through F. In addition, beams are 0.75L

located on column lines 1 and 4 as part F

L 0.85L L
of the lateral force resisting system. Plan
View
 Class Project
The design loads for the floor (in 1 2 3 4

addition to the self-weight) include a A

superimposed dead load (SDL) of 20 psf 1 1

0.75L
to account for moveable partitions, B

ceiling panels, etc. and a superimposed 0.75L

live load (LL) to be determined from C

2

2
ASCE 7-95. In addition, a 0.5 kip/ft. Hole for
Elevator 0.75L
wall load is applied around the building D
shafts and
stairwells

perimeter. The design loads for the roof Pan joist -

2 2

rib 0.75L
(in addition to the self-weight) include a E
direction
(typ)
superimposed dead load (SDL) of 10
0.75L
psf. F
L 0.85L L

Plan
View
 Class Project
Overview of Required Design:
A Design the continuous beams of the first floor on column
lines D and E of the second suspended floor assuming that
they support the one-way pan joist floor system (3 parts).

B Design the slab of the second suspended floor as a one-

way pan joist system supported in one direction on column
lines A through F (3 parts).
 Class Project
Overview of Required Design:

C Design and detail the columns for all three stories for the
location where column lines E and 2 intersect (1 part).

D Design the roof system as a two-way slab without beams

(1 part).

E Design the footing for the column on column lines E and 2

(1 part).
 Class Project
Follow detailed instructions on separate assignment
sheets!!!
 Class Project
2 3
1 4

1 1
0.75L

0.75L

2
C
2
Hole for Elevator
shafts and 0.75L
stairwells

D
2 2
Pan joist - rib 0.75L
direction (typ)

0.75L

L 0.85L L

Plan
View
 Class Project
The Joist detail for section 1-1

The beam detail for section 2-2

 Class Project
Team Performance
It is expected that all assignments related to the project will be
done in teams. Each assignment must contain computations that
are initialed by the calculators (or originators) and initialed by
the checker(s). Members of the team will rotate between
calculation and checking tasks. It is recommended that two
persons calculate for each assignment (i.e., In a four-person
team, two persons should provide calculation services on odd
numbered assignments and checking services on even number
assignments. In a three-person team, each person should rotate
so that they are checking every third assignment.)
 Class Project
Team Performance
Those not performing calculations are responsible for
checking them and must be afforded ample time to
thoroughly check the calculations. If revisions are
necessary, those performing the calculations must make the
corrections. Each sheet must be initialed by the originator and
checker. A cover sheet with the signature of each team member
must be included with each assignment. Assignments that are
not signed or initialed by all team members will not be
accepted.
 Class Project
Peer Evaluation

Peer evaluation is a common practice in the engineering

community. Critical evaluation is a necessary component of
improving the engineering profession. It is generally believed
that honors and awards granted by peers are the highest possible
honors. After all, it is our peers who know best what is required
to do an adequate, good, or outstanding job. Your individual
project grade will depend on an evaluation by your peers at the
end of the semester. The evaluation form will have a format
similar to the one provided on the back of this sheet. Evaluation
forms will also be collected during the middle of the semester
for an unofficial assessment of group performance.
Class Project
Class of Structures
Class of Structures
Class of Structures
 Class of Structures
Retaining Wall Abutment
 Class of Structures
Deformed Frame Reinforced Frame
 Flexural Stress
The beam is a structural
member used to support the
internal moments and shears.
It would be called a beam-
column if a compressive
force existed.
C=T
M = C*(jd)
= T*(jd)
 Flexural Stress
The stress in the block is
defined as:
M*y) / I
Sxx = I / (ymax)
The equation for Sxx modulus
for calculating maximum
compressive stress.
 Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam goes.

Stage 1: No external
loads self weight.
 Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam goes.

Stage 2: the external

load P cause the bottom
fibers to equal to
modulus of rupture of
the concrete. Entire
concrete section was
effective, steel bar at
tension side has same
strain as surrounding
concrete.
 Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam goes.

Stage 3: The tensile

strength of the concrete
exceeds the rupture fr and
cracks develop. The
neutral axis shifts upward
and cracks extend to
neutral axis. Concrete
loses tensile strength and
steel starts working
effectively and resists the
entire tensile load.
 Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam goes.

Stage 4: The
reinforcement yields.
Stage 5: Failure of the
beam.
 Flexural Stress
The three stages of the
beam.
Stage 1: No external
loads acting on the
beam.
Stage 3: Service loading
on the beam.
Stage 5: Beam failure.
 Flexural Stress

The moment-curvature
diagram show the five
stages of the beam. The
plot is of the curvature
angle,  , verse the
moment.
= ( / y) = [ / E ] / y
= [(My / I) / E] / y
= M / ( E I )
 Flexural Stress
The beam fails first in shear and the second beam fails
in bending moment.
 Flexural Stress
There are three types of flexural failure of a structural member.
Steel may reach its yield strength before the concrete reaches
its maximum. (Under-reinforced section).
Steel reaches yield at same time as concrete reaches ultimate
strength. (Balanced section).
Concrete may fail before the the yield of steel due to the
presence of a high percentage of steel in the section. (Over-
reinforced section).
 Flexural Stress
Steel may reach its yield strength before the concrete reaches
its maximum. (Under-reinforced section).
 Flexural Stress
Steel reaches yield at same time as concrete reaches ultimate
strength. (Balanced section).
 Flexural Stress
Concrete may fail before the the yield of steel due to the presence
of a high percentage of steel in the section. (Over-reinforced
section).
 Flexural Stress
The flexural strain and stress distribution of beam from a test
beam.
 Flexural Stress
Strain measured in test of eccentrically loaded columns for a
tied and spiral columns.
 Flexural Stress
Example
Consider a simple rectangular beam( b x h ) reinforced
with steel reinforcement of As.
(1) Determine the centroid ( neutral axis, NA ) and moment
of inertia Ixx of the beam for an ideal beam (no cracks).
(2) Determine the NA and moment of inertia, Ixx, of beam if
the beam is cracked and tensile forces are in the steel
only.