Environmental

Management
CHAPTER – 1
 Definition
of Environment
 

and Management
 • Environment and development are
interlinked expressions. In fact there are the
two sides of the same coin. The
environmental degradation, in fact, started
with the advent of human civilization. There
is a mythological statement that the process
of Adam and Eve who ate an apple and
threw away the peels led to the onset of
environmental degradation.
The process of environmental degradation was
accelerated with the
development of socio-economic activities, as for
example, agriculture,
industrialization, drugs and pharmaceuticals,
transport, civil construction including
roads and buildings etc., with growing
population the requirement of food-grains
and other consumer items increased
stupendously, leading to further environmental
degradation.
Environment management is the process of
allocating natural and man-made
resources so as to make optimum use of
the environment in satisfying not only the
existing basic human needs but of the
coming generations also. This
management implies an element of
conscious choice from a variety of
alternative proposals and furthermore
that such a choice involves purposeful
commitment for recognized and desired
objectives.
• Environment management implies not only a
mere management of environment but it is
essentially the management of various
activities with intolerable constraints
imposed by the environment itself and with
full consideration of ecological factors. Thus
" it involves environmental planning,
conservation of resources, environmental
status evaluation and environmental
legislation and administration.
• The focus of environmental management is on
implementation, monitoring and auditing; on
practice and coping with real-world issues
rather than theoretical planning. A close
integration with environmental planning is
inescapable. Thus environmental management
is a field of study dedicated to understanding
human-environment interactions and the
application of science to solving problems.
The characteristic features of ENVIRONMENTAT
MANAGEMENT are :

It deals with world affected by humans;

It supports sustainable development;
It demands a multidisciplinary approach;
It has to integrate different development view-
points;
The time-scale involved extends the short term
and concern ranges from local to global ; and
It seeks to integrate natural and social science,
policy making and planning.
During the last four decades too much awareness has
been developed regarding environmental protection
and quality of life. The meaning and content of
environment is being renewed regularly with new
technologies like clean technology, environmental
auditing, environmental friendly products,
environmental impact assessment, environmental
resource conservation, etc. added. But all these
aspects have been converged when the wider concept
of environmental management has emerged and also
accepted as a tool for sustainable development.
Some definitions
“Environmental management is
concerned with the man-
environment interface, the
complex boundary where bio-
physical and socio-cultural
systems interact”. (Hare, 1970)
 “An approach which goes
beyond natural resources
management to encompass
the political and social as well
as the natural environment”.
(Clarke, 1999)
“Environmental management – a
generic description of a process
undertaken by systems oriented
professionals with a natural science,
social science or less commonly, an
engineering ,law or design
background, tackling problem of
human altered environment on an
interdisciplinary basis from a
quantitative and/or futuristic
viewpoint”. (Downey, 1989).
• “The process of allocating
natural and artificial
resources so as to make
optimum use of the
evironment in satisfying basic
human needs, at the
minimum, and more, if
possible, on a sustainable
basis”. (Jolly, 1978)
 Throughout the world, particularly in
developing countries, there is an urgent need
for the management of total environment. In
the first instance environmental management
must do three things:

• Identify goals
• Establish whether these can be met and
• Develop and implement means to do what it
deems possible.
A simple scheme for environmental management
has to be designed and implemented.
CHAPTER – 2
SIGNIFICANCE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
• Environmental Management is an
approach which integrates Ecology,
Policy making, Planning and Social
development. Its main objectives are as
follows:
• To prevent and solve environmental problems.
• To establish limits.
• To develop research institutions and
monitoring systems.
• To warn threats and identify opportunities.
• To suggest measures for resource conservation.
• To develop a strategy for the improvement of
quality.
• To suggest long-term and short-term policies
for sustainable development.
• To identify new technology for future
development
A General Scheme For Environmental Management

Identification of objectives and define problems

Determination of appropriate Action Plan

Implementation and progress evaluation

Monitoring and Adjust Management

Future Environmental Management and planning

 In brief, environmental
management is necessary for
environmental planning
which implies the optimal
utilization of the earth’s
resources and preservation
of the quality of environment
for the healthy growth of the
society.
 CHAPTER – 3

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
"
RELEVANT TO INDIA
 Environmental problems of a country
are affected by the level of its economic
development, the availability of its
natural resources and the life-style of
its population. In India, rapid growth
                                 of its population, poverty,
        

urbanization, industrialization and

several related factors are responsible
for the rapid degradation of the
environment.
 Environmental problems have become
serious in many parts of the country, and
can no longer be neglected. The main
environmental problems in India relate to
air and water pollution particularly in the
metropolitan and industrial zones,
degradation of common property resources
which affect the poor adversely due to a
degeneration of their life support system,
threat to biodiversity and inadequate
system of solid waste disposal and
sanitation with consequent adverse impact
on health, infant mortality and birth rate.
The degradation of natural resources
imposes several problems
of water, air, noise and soil pollution
as well as their impact of
human activities on environment in
India is a beggar’s description.
But their overall analysis is necessary
not only for their understanding
but also for the environmental
planning in India.
 AIR
POLLUTION
The main sources of air
pollution in India are:

 Automobiles
 Thermal Power Plants
 Industries
 Agriculture
 Quarrying
 Natural Processes.
 During the process of fossil fuels mainly oxides
of carbon are generated. Apart from this,
various industries also generate other
pollutants such as SO2, H2S, ammonia, oxides
of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, methane and other
toxic substances including ozone, lead and
fluorides. The nature of urban and rural air
pollution is quite different in India, therefore,
their respective causes, effects and remedies are
also different.
URBAN AIR POLLUTION
 Urban Air quality has generally
deteriorated throughout the Indian cities.
The reasons are rising number of motor
vehicles, especially poorly maintained
vehicles and growing industrialization
without any priority for pollution
abatement. Quality of Indian cities as
some of the most polluted cities in the
world and heading the list is the national
capital: New Delhi.
The single most important factor responsible
for this deterioration of air quality is the
exponential increase in petrol and diesel
fueled vehicles. Between 1986 to 2000, the
number of vehicles on Indian roads has
increased from 11 millions to 36 millions. Of
these 70% are two and three-wheelers with
inefficient and highly polluting two-stroke
engines. The percentage of vehicular
population in India in the six metros has been
depicted below on the next slide.
Name city Suspended Sulphur dioxide Oxide of Hydrocarbons CO Total
particular nitrogen
matter
Delhi 8.58 7.47 105.38 207.98 542 872
Mumbai 4.66 3.36 59.02 90.17 391 549

Bengaluru 2.18 1.47 21.85 65.42 162 254

Kolkata 2.71 3.04 45.58 36.57 156.87 245

Ahemedabad 2.46 2.41 33.33 56.46 149.28 244

Pune 1.99 1.07 13.50 61.0 135.2 213

Chennai 1.95 1.68 23.51 42.05 119.35 188

Hyderabad 1.62 1.30 14.03 46.94 105.14 169

Jaipur 0.98 1.04 12.74 17.49 42.73 75

Kanpur 0.88 0.90 11.14 18.53 40.35 75
Lucknow 0.95 0.79 8.07 18.75 41.02 70

Nagpur 0.46 0.34 4.24 13.60 29.16 48

Gr. Total 29.42 24.87 352.39 674.96 1916.o1 299
 Industries are also responsible for the air
pollution in India. Most of the cities are located
near cities, irrespective of any environmental
consideration. Most of these industries have
become a main cause of air pollution. For
example, Mumbai has above 523 Chemical
industries, 531 Textile industries and 3,348
Mechanical workshops. Besides, there are 32
factories processing rubber or plastic products.
In addition, there is a large concentration of
chemical units with 30 Km of Mumbai. Similar
is the story of other cities in In airdia.
Coal based thermal plants have been set up for
power generation and are responsible for air
pollution through gaseous emissions of Sulphur
Dioxide, Nitrogen oxide etc. Air pollution can
also cause acid-rain which not only adversely
affects man but it is also responsible for damage
of soil, vegetation and aquatic life of the region
and also produces huge amount of solid wastes,
fly-ash and bottom ash.
Due to air pollution, life in big cities of India
has become intolerable and has
created health
problems.
Air pollution is the main
cause of respiratory
illness and death, physical
damage and loss of vision.
RURAL AIR
POLLUTION
In India, rural population uses substantial
quantities of non-commercial fuel, i.e., crop
residues, animal dung or wood. Gradually,
their use is decreasing as a percentage of
total fuel consumption or in terms of per
capita use. This provides 80% of rural
energy for cooking. Air pollution due to
biofuels are largely released directly where
people are inside or near households at
mealtimes everyday.
 Although the emissions are relatively
modest, the actual exposure to people is
significant in many millions of
households around the country. Several
health effects are suspected to arise due
to smoke such as respiratory infection to
children, chronic lung diseases and lung
cancer in adults and still birth, for
women exposed during pregnancy.
The Rural Air pollution can be reduced by:

• Providing an affordable clean fuel for

substitute to biofuels,
• Installation of efficient smokeless
burners,
• Good ventilation to houses,
• Providing bio-gas facilities and
• The habits and attitude of rural people
be changed. Awareness has to be
generated.
 WATER
POLLUTION
Once admired for its beautiful water
resources, India has over the years
progressively depleted its supply of
water due to various factors,
including increasing population,
thoughtless urbanization,
deforestation and the resultant soil
erosion and flawed water
management. The available water
is also polluted in some way or the
other. Surface water resources
mainly include rivers, springs,
lakes and ponds.
 The problem of water resources in India is
increasing day by day. The major sources
of water pollution in the country are:

• Domestic effluents,
• Sewage ,
• Industrial effluents,
• Agricultural effluents,
• Thermal pollution,
• Oil pollution and,
• Pollution created by Radio-active elements.
Water pollution from domestic and
human waste water causes many
severe water-borne diseases. Sewage
effluents from cities dotting the
river’s bank contribute to nearly
three-fourths of the water pollution.
According to a recent survey out of
142 big cities of India, only eight
have proper sewage system. 52 have
partial system and 82 do not have
any sewage disposal system.
 RIVER
POLLUTION IN
INDIA
• Water pollution in India has now
reached a crisis point. Almost every
river system in India is now polluted
to a great extent. As assessed by the
scientists of the National
Environmental Engineering
Research Institute, Nagpur, nearly
70% of water in India is polluted.
India have five major river systems,
namely, the Ganga, the
Brahmaputra and the Indus river
systems in north, and the peninsular,
east coast and the West coast river
systems in the south.
A few remedies to control water pollution
are suggested hereunder:

1. Industries should enforce standards for

water effluents,
2. The Pollution Control Boards must enforce
the laws,
3. Adequate sewage disposal facilities should
be developed so that sewage is not directly
released into the water stream,
4. The sewage and water treatment plant
should be established,
5. For small and medium size industries
combined treatment plant should be
established,

6. A pollution tax should be imposed especially

for industries responsible for water pollution.
SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL
The solid waste generation is increasing day by
day not only in the big cities of India but also in
small towns and has become a threat to
environment. The composition and quantity of
waste changes with increase in per capita
income. The main change in solid waste
material has been with the increased use of
plastics and other synthetic materials in place
of the bio-degradable organic materials. The
slid waste includes domestic and municipal
waste and agricultural wastes, west created by
mining and also radio-active waste. The
composition of solid wastes in 5 big cities of
India has been given in the next slide:
Cities Characteristics(%)
Non- Degradable

Paper Plastic Metal Glass Ash Others

Earth
Kolkata 3.18 0.65 0.66 0.38 34.00 47.00
Delhi 6.29 0.85 1.21 0.57 36.00 35.00
Nagpur 1.88 1.35 1.33 1.34 41.42 34.81
Bengaluru 4.00 2.00 1.00 15.00 78.00
Mumbai 10.00 2.00 3.6 0.2 44.20 40.00

• Source: Potential for energy generation from Wastes in India: Bioenergy

News: Vol 1 No.1 Page 8
• When this solid waste is not collected and
disposed of efficiently and effectively, it
attracts rodents and flies hich spread
diseases and also pollute water and cause
land degradation. The status of solid
waste collection in selected cities is given
on the next slide:
•
Cities Solid Waste
Generated (Mt) Collection %
Mumbai 0.20 90
Delhi 0.44 77
Madras 0.29 90
Bengaluru 0.16 96
Lucknow 0.31 74
Varanasi 0.14 87
Hubli-Dharwad 0.15 89
Mysore 0.26 60
Gulbarga 0.10 40
Tumkur 0.13 50

• Source: World Resources: 1996-1997: 154

• These wastes are left untreated; they
ferment slowly and produce biogas that
contains 65 to 75 per cent methane gas
which is a GREEN HOUSE GAS.
Therefore, development of suitable
technologies for utilization of wastes is
essential to minimize adverse health and
environmental consequences.
DEFORESTATIO
N
• Forests have a many faced ecological role
to play which affects human life in a
variety of ways. They thwart the dangers
of cloud drifting, soil erosion, floods,
wind erosion and ground water
evaporation. They also protect a vide
variety of flora and fauna, provide
recreation and can effectively control air
pollution of moderate magnitudes. But
due to industrialization,
commercialization, growth of population
habitat and expansion of agriculture in
India, forest cover is fast disappearing.
 India has a forest area measuring only to
19.5% of the total land area as against 33% of
the National Forest Policy of 1988. A large
part of these forests are degraded and
productivity is very poor. Even in protected
forests unprecedented changes are going on.
Actually the closed type of forest having forest
cover density of 40% or more is
approximately only 11% of the country’s land
area.
 SOIL
DEGRADATION
 In India, about 1.30 million hectares of land
(45% of total geographical area) is affected by
serious soil erosion through ravine and gully,
shifting cultivation, cultivated waste lands,
sandy areas, deserts and water
logging(Government of India 1989. The soil
formation is a very long process and under
favorable conditions, in India, it takes almost a
thousand years to form only
2.5 cm of a soil layer.
 It is reported that the loss of one mm of
cultivated soil could cost 10 kg. of nitrogen and 2
kg. of phosphorus. Soil erosion by rain and river
that takes place in hilly areas causes land slides
and floods, while cutting trees for firewood and
timber, traditional agricultural practices,
construction of roads and other activities lead to
the opening of soil erosion. In desert regions of
Rajasthan, wing erosion causes heavy soil
erosion and drifting of sand.
ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNING IN
INDIA
 India is a country where all the components of
environment have been considered as life
support systems from ancient times and their
protection has been of paramount importance.
The air, water, land, vegetation, soil, rivers,
mountain, trees, animals etc. have been
considered as sacred in one form or the other.
There was a general public opinion to protect all
these as a part of religious activity.
Although at that time there was no problem of
environment because of limited population and
of simple pattern of life, gradually, especially
during the present century, with the growth of
population, industrialization, urbanization as
well as growth of other economic activities,
environmental problems have developed,
therefore, a planning strategy is necessary.
For the protection of environment and to control
pollution several measures have been
undertaken both by government and NGOs.
Even before independence, some laws have been
enacted for the protection of environment. In
Indian Penal Code of 1860, Articles 268, 290,
291, 426, 430, 431 and 432 are related with
environment. Similarly, Article 277 was related
with water pollution and 278 with Air pollution.
 In Motor Vehicles Act, 1938, there was a
provision to control pollution and Indian Forest
Act was passed in 1927. After independence,
serious efforts have been made in the form of
legislation for the conservation and protection of
the environment. The act and laws passed
during last 60 years, is a major step for the
protection of environment in India. The
following are the important Acts:
 In Motor Vehicles Act, 1938, there was a
provision to control pollution and Indian Forest
Act was passed in 1927. After independence,
serious efforts have been made in the form of
legislation for the conservation and protection of
the environment. The act and laws passed
during last 60 years, is a major step for the
protection of environment in India. The
following are the important Acts:
1. Damodar Valley Corporation (Prevention of
pollution of water) Regulation act 1984.
2. River Board Act 1956.
3. Water Preservation and Control of Pollution
Act 1974 and 1977.
4. Atomic Energy Act 1972
5. Radiation Protection Rules 1971.
6. Wild Life Protection Act 1972.
7. Factories Amendment Act 1987.
8. Environmental Protection Act 1986.
9. Central Motor Vehicles Rules 1989.
 Above all, in 1977 a major step in this direction
has been taken in the form of 42nd constitution
amendment. Accordingly, Article 48-A imposes a
duty on the States “to protect and improve the
environment and to safeguard the forests and
wild life of the country”. Article 51A(g) imposes
a duty on citizens of India “to protect and
improve the natural environment including
forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have
compassion for living creatures”.
 The establishment of the Ministry of
Environment and Forest in November 1980 is
another step towards environment protection
and also for policy making and planning.
Similarly, every State government has
established a Ministry of Environment. The
Central Pollution Board has been established to
take measures to control water and air pollution.
In the country, national laboratories, IITs and
University departments and several other
autonomous bodies are engaged in research in
the field of environment.
CHAPTER – 4
 TOTAL QUALITY
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT- ISO
14000 EMS
CERTIFICATION
 As the quality of life improves, demand for
better quality services and products also
increases. Customers all over the world and at
all times demand that they be assured and
satisfied that the product or services as
anticipated. However, inspection is not a
satisfactory way of giving assurance that the
product will perform as desired during its life. It
is generally agreed that the required level of
quality can be built into the product only
through the use of a proper quality management
system.
 EMS: ISO 14000

The International Environmental Standards are

intended to provide organizations with the
elements of an effective environmental system,
which can be integrated with other management
requirements to assist organizations to achieve
of an environmental management system to
support it to cover the following major areas:
1. Environmental Management System
2. Environmental auditing
3. Environmental Labeling
4. Environmental Performance Evaluation
5. Life Cycle Assessment.
 ISO 14000 builds a single global management
system that allows effective management of
environmental responsibilities, liabilities, costs;
document commitment to governmental
management system (EMS) and proper
guidelines cost the company in the following
areas:
1. Missed opportunities to reduce energy consumption
and material waste.
2. In disabled administrative staff, to address the
literally thousands of environmental regulations in
India and the countries in which business
transactions take place.
4. Fines and penalties through government
audits because its environmental aspects are
out of compliance.
5. Loss of confidence by stockholders and
financial institutions which are not sure of
environmental risk factors.
6. Poor public image and loss of opportunities to
describe the who products to those who
prefer to buy environmental friendly
products.
 The task of management is to control internal
costs and maximize market opportunities by
enhancing the product, and company’s image of
giving thrust to areas of environmental
importance, such as quality, health and safety.
ISO 14000 is a way of empowering businesses to
take control of environmental responsibility and
encouraging government departments to
approach the challenge with far greater
flexibility. In the United States, the
Environmental Protection Agency has developed
what is called “ Project XL” which (Excellence
in LEADERSHIP) is an effort that allows
companies with demonstrated leadership in
pollution control to operate under lower
requirements that the law provides, with the
company’s assurance that it will strive to go
beyond current standards.
ISO 14000 does not only relate to massive global
companies. The standard states “It has been
written to be applicable to all types and sizes of
organizations and to accommodate diverse
geographical, cultural and social conditions.”
ISO 14001 Certification is an initiative to bring
about uniformity in environmental compliance
standards to reduce impediments to trade
among countries. If it is accepted and
implemented properly, it can bring about a lot of
changes in the present Indian scenario.
 ISO 14000 series of standards are designed to
cover the whole of environmental issues for
organizations in the global market place. This
series emerged primarily out of the Uruguay
Round of the GATT negotiations and the RIO
Summit on the environment held in 1992. While
GATT concentrates on the need to reduce non-
tariff barriers to trade, the RIO Summit
generated commitment to protection of the
environment across the world.
The environment field has seen a steady growth
of national and regional standards. The British
Standards Institution has BS 7750, the Canadian
Standards Association has environmental
management, auditing, eco-labeling and audit
regulation and many other countries (USA,
Germany and Japan) have introduced eco-
labeling programmers.
After the increase of environmental standards
around the world, ISO assessed the need for
International environmental standards. They
formed the Strategic Advisory Group on
Environment (SAGE) in 1991, to consider
whether such standards could serve to be
effective instruments of pollution control.
NEED FOR THE
NEW
STANDARDS
 A set of international standards, which bring
world-wide focus on the environment, encourage
a cleaner, safer, healthier world for all of us. The
existence of these standards allow organizations
to focus their environmental on the basis of
internationally accepted criteria. At present
many countries and regional groupings are
generating their own requirements for
environmental issues, and these vary between
the groups. A single standard will ensure that
there are no conflicts between regional
interpretations of good environmental practice.
 The fact that companies may need
environmental management certification to
compete in the world market place could easily
overshadow all ethical reasons for
environmental management. Within Europe
many organizations gained ISO 9000
registration.
1992, on the basis of SAGE recommendations, a
new committee
TC 207, International Environmental
Management Standards were created.
Industries, Standards organizations,
governments and environmental organizations
represented this committee from many
countries. The new series of ISO 14000 are
designed to cover:
1. Environmental Management Systems
2. Environmental auditing
3. Environmental Performance Evaluation
4. Environmental Labeling
5. Life Cycle Basement
6. Environmental aspects in products standards.
ISO 14000 is a group of standards encompassing
the following areas:
 Environmental Management Systems (14001,
14002, 14004)
 Environmental Auditing (14010, 14011, 14012)
 Evaluation of Environmental Performance
(14031)
 Evaluation labeling (14020, 14021, 14022,
14023, 14024, 14025)
 Life Cycle Assessment (14040, 14041, 14042,
14043)
 EMS
CERTIFICATION
PROCESS
 
Creating an EMS involves the following
sequential steps:
 Establish a project committee to the EMS
process.
 The Project Committee prepares a briefing for
top management describing ISO 14000, the EMS
registration, costs and benefits.
 Top management commits to the EMS process.
 Perform a gap analysis to determine how well
the organization meets the ISO 14000
requirements and what will it take to meet them.
Present results of gap analysis to the
management and receives approval for
continuation of the process.
 Present a draft environmental policy with the
top management participation.
 Design a procedure to identify the
environmental aspects of the operation.
 Identify the environmental aspects and
impacts.
 Design a procedure to identify the legal and
other requirements of the organization.
 Identify the legal and other requirements.
 Create environmental objectives and targets
for each relevant function and level in the
organization.
 Establish a program for achieving targets and
objectives.
 Present the EMS to the top management for
approval.
 Top management accepts the EMS.
 Policy and EMS are implemented and an
audit function is established. Audit.
 Final Gap Analysis is performed to determine
if the organization is ready for registration
audit.
 Organization applies for certification by the
external auditors.
 Organizations are registered by the outside
auditors or “Registrars” for meeting the ISO
14000 standard. The registration can be for the
specific company site, for several sites or for the
entire company.
THANK
YOU