Communication Principles Chapter II - Amplitude Modulation

SEE 3533
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
Chapter II – Amplitude Modulation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation
HOMEWORKS
1.Define the following terms
1. Modulation
2. Modulating signal
3. Modulated Signal
4. Modulation index
2.Sketch the waveform of DSBFC modulated signal
3.Show the frequency and power properties of DSBFC,
DSBSC, SSBSC, SSBWC, VSB in a graph
2
1.0 Introduction
• What is modulation?
– The message itself is a signal e.g. an audio signal
– A signal transformation to a format suitable for transmission
through a chosen medium
– Often involves another signal i.e. carrier
• The message (modulating signal) modulates the carrier to
produce the transmitted signal (modulated signal)
• Shift to higher frequency
• Modulation types:
– Continuous Wave (CW) modulation
• The carrier is a sinusoid.
• This is the traditional mode for all-analogue communications
• Principal subclasses include AM, Angle Modulation (FM, PM)
– Pulse modulation
• The carrier is a pulse train.
3
• This is a mode that allows for digital communications
1.1 Benefits of Modulation
• Modulation can shift the spectral content of a message signal into a
band which is better suited to the channel
– Antennas only efficiently radiate and admit signals at chosen frequencies
– Low frequency -> longer antenna length..higher frquency -> shorter
– Hence, to transmit and receive, say, voice, by radio we need to shift the
voice signal to a much higher frequency band.
• Modulation permits the use of multiplexing

– Multiplexing means allowing simultaneous communication by multiple
users on the same channel.
– For instance, the radio frequency spectrum must be shared and
modulation allows users to separate themselves into bands
• Modulation can provide some control over noise/interference

– frequency modulation (FM) permits a tradeoff between bandwidth and
noise
4
2.0 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Objective:
• To learn AM modulation and demodulation techniques.

• To learn AM generation and detection.
Some variants of AM signal:

1) Double Side Band Full Carrier (DSBFC)
– 2 sidebands and a carrier
2) Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)
– Remove the carrier
3) Single Side Band (SSB)
– One side band and a carrier
4) Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC)
– Only one side band
5) Vestigial Side Band (VSB)
– Compromise between DSB and SSB
5
Pemodulatan Amplitud
2.1 Introduction
 Baseband: is a range of frequency signal to be transmitted. eg:
Audio (0 - 4 kHz), Video (0 - 6 MHz).
 Baseband Communication
 Transmission without frequency shifting.
 Transmission through twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and fiber
optic cable.
 Significant power for whole range of frequencies.
 Not suitable for radio/microwave and satellite communication.
 Carrier Communication
 Use modulation technique to shift the frequency.
 Change the carrier signal characteristics (amplitude, frequency
and phase) following the modulating signal amplitude.
 Suitable for radio/microwave and satellite communication. 6
2.2 DSB-FC – Full AM
• AM modulation is a fundamental modulation process in
communication system.
• Carrier frequency signal >> than modulating frequency signal.
=> fc >> fm.
• Modulator is used to generate AM signal, amDSB-FC(t). It is shown
in the block diagram below.
vm(t) AM Modulator v AM (t )   E c  v m (t )  cos  c t

Modulating
vc(t) AM modulated signal
signal
Carrier signal
7
• Let :
vm (t )  E m cos  m t and vc (t )  E c cos  c t
 Therefore, amDSBFC signal can be expressed:
v AM (t )   Ec  vm  t   cos  c t
v AM (t )   Ec  E m cos  m t  cos  c t
 Given the modulation index : Em

m
Ec
 amDSBFC can be deduced to: v AM (t )  E c 1  m cos  m t  cos  c t
 From trigonometry identities: 1 1

cos( A) cos( B )  cos A  B   cos A  B 
2 2
AM (t )  Ec
 vTherefore: cos  c t  mE c cos  c t cos  m t
mE c mEc
 Ec cos  c t  cos  c   m  t  cos  c   m  t
2 2 8
• Signal frequency spectrum ; amDSBFC
mE c
v AM (t )  Ec cos c t   cos c  m  t  cos c  m  t 
2
Carrier signal Sidebands signal
Amplitud (V )
Carrier band
Modulating band
BW  2 f m
Ec
Em
mEc Em mEc Em
 
2 2 2 2
0 m c   m c c   m  (rads 1 )
Jalur Sisi Bawah Jalur Sisi Atas
LSB USB
9
The modulation index is given by : Em Values at the point
m of modulation
Ec
Modulation indices range :  0  m  1
100% modulation
m  1, ( Em  Ec )
m  1, ( Em  Ec )
m  1, ( Em  Ec )
10
Phase change
• The phase change for carrier signal when over-modulation

occurs and must be avoided.
• Over-modulation → data lost
• Modulation depth greater than 100% must be
avoided, ( m > 1 > 100%)
11
2.2.2 Modulation Index, m
Envelope  Ec 1 m cos  m t 
V  max
Em
 Ec V max p  p
Em
V  min
V  min V min p  p
Em
 Ec
Em

V max
Envelope   Ec 1 m cos  m t 
V  max  V  min V  max  V  min V max p  p  V min p  p
m   or m
V max  V  min V  max  V  min V max p  p  V min p  p
where V  max  Ec  Em dan V  min  Ec  Em

 Ec  E m    E c  E m 
Therefore m 
 Ec  E m    E c  E m 
Em
 12
Ec
• m using trapezoid diagram
a b
a b m
ab
• m could be obtained from the amplitudes of sidebands

and carrier signals:
sideband ' s amplitude mEc / 2 m
 
carrier ' s amplitude Ec 2
13
Example 2.1
An AM modulated signal is generated using signal 
vm  t   3 cos 2x103 t 
modulating the carrier signal v c  t   10 cos 2x10 t . Determine :
6
i) The modulation index, m

ii) The upper side band, lower side band and bandwitdh
iii) The ratio between sideband’s and carrier amplitudes
iv) The maximum and minimum peak-to-peak voltages of the modulated signal
Solution:
Em 3 ii) The upper side band (fUSB)= 106 + 103 = 1001 kHz
i) m   0.3
Ec 10 The lower side band (fLSB)= 106 – 103 = 999 kHz
Bandwidth= 2fm = fUSB - fLSB = 2 kHz
iii) mEc/2 = 1.5 Emax  2 Ec  Em   26.Volt

iv)
Ratio = 1.5/10= 0.15 Emin  2 Ec  Em   14.Volt
14
Example 2.2
:An AM modulated signal is given as :
v AM  t   100 cos(c  m )t  500 cos c t  100 cos(c  m )t

Where the carrier signal before modulation is equal to 500 cos c t
Get the : (i) Envelope equation
(ii) Message signal
(iii) Modulation Percentage
(iv) Spectrum of the modulated signal
Solution:
(i) v AM  t   500 cos c t  100 cos(c  m )t  100 cos(c  m )t
 500 cos c t  200 cos c t cos mt
  500  200 cos mt  cos c t 500
 Envelope equation   500  200 cos mt  (iv)
(ii) vs  t   200 cos mt 100 100
(iii) %m = 200/500 x 100 = 40% f c - fm fc f c+ f m 15

Example 2.3 :
The peak-to-peak amplitudes of a trapezoid diagram for an AM
modulated are 15 and 9 Volts. The message signal’s frequency is at
1.5 kHz while the carrier’s frequency is equal to 100 kHz. Obtain the
following:
(i) Mathematical equations for the message, carrier and modulated
signals
(ii) Modulation index
(iii) Spectrum of the modulated signal with related amplitudes
(iv) Modulated signal in time domain
Solution:
2( Ec  Em )  15, 2( Ec  Em )  9
(i) 4 Ec  24, Ec  6, Em  1.5
vm (t )  1.5 cos 2 (1.5  103 )t
vc (t )  6 cos 2 (100  103 )t
v AM (t )  (6  1.5 cos 2 (1.5  103 )t ) cos 2 (100  10 3 )t
(ii) m = 1.5/6 = (15-9)/ (15+9) = 0.25 = 25% 16

Solution:
6
(iii)
0.75 0.75
98.5k 100k 101.5k
(iv) V(t)
7.5
4.5
t
-4.5
-7.5
17
2.2.3 Power, AM
Amplitud (V )
Ec
mEc mEc
2 2
where
mEc Em

2 2
0 c   m c c   m  (rads 1 )
 In the modulation process signal is converted to electrical

signal in terms of current or voltage.
 The expression of AM signal components can be represented
as follows:
mE c mEc
v AM (t )  Ec cos  c t  cos  c   m  t  cos  c   m  t
2 2
Carrier Signal LSB Signal USB Signal
18
Vc VLSB VUSB Pemodulatan Amplitud
PT  Pc  PLSB  PUSB where Ec2
Pc 
Vc2rms 2
VLSB 2
VUSB 2R
  rms
 rms
m 2 Pc
R R R and PLSB  PUSB 
2 2 2 4
 Ec   mEc   mEc 
      Therefore PSB  PLSB  PUSB
  2 2 2 2 2
  m 2 Pc m 2 Pc
R R R  
4 4
Ec2 m 2 Ec2 m 2 Ec2
   
m 2 Pc
2R 8R 8R 2
PT  Pc  PSB
Therefore the relationship between
the total power transmitted, PT and m 2 Pc
the carrier signal power, Pc is as  Pc 
2
follows:
 m2 
 Pc 1  
 2  19
 m2 
PT  PAM  Pc 1   Watt
 2 
Transmission efficiency, η for AM:
PSB
  100%
PT
where PSB is the total sidebands signal power that contains information
m 2 Pc
2 2
2 m m
  
 m  2
 m  2  m2
2
Pc 1   21  
 2   2 
If m = 1 (100% modulation), the average power, PSB = 50% Pc= Pc/2

It shows that the PSB is dependent on m.
20
2
From:  
m
2  m2
The transmission efficiency with m = 1 is only 33.33% .

Therefore we can conclude that the transmitted power signal is mostly
carrier power signal contributing of 66.67% from the total AM signal.
Whereas signal contains information in the LSB and USB transmitted is
33.33% from the total AM signal.
In practice, information signal is complex or non periodic signal,

eg: music, voice, image and etc. Its consists of many frequencies and
harmonics components.
Its can be represented:
vm (t )  E m1 cos  m1t  E m 2 cos  m 2 t  ......

where
 m1  2 f m1 ;  m 2  2f m 2 ..... 21
Therefore total modulated power:
PAM  Pc 1   m12  m22  m32  ... 

 1 
 2 
 1 2 
 Pc 1  meff
2
 where m eff   m1
2
 m2
2
 m3
2
 ...1/ 2
 
E E E
and m1  m1 , m2  m 2 , m3  m 3 ,.....
Ec Ec Ec
22
Summary
(V)
Amplitude
Ec
mEc mEc
2 2 where
mEc Em

2 2
0 c   m c c   m  (rads 1 )
Each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of the modulating signal and is a

mirror image of the other.
Amplitude modulation is inefficient in terms of power usage and much of it is
wasted. (66.67%)
At least two-thirds of the power is concentrated in the carrier signal, which
carries no useful information
The remaining power is split between two identical sidebands, though only
one of these is needed since they contain identical information.
23
Example 2.4 :
An AM station transmits power at 10 kW when the modulation percentage is 60%.
Get the average power of the carrier signal.
Penyelesaian: PAM 10
 m2  Pc    8.47 kW
PAM  Pc 1   ;  m  2
 0.6 2
 2  1   1
 2  2
Example 2.5 :
The root-mean-square (rms) current of an antenna for an AM station is 8 A when only
the carrier signal is transmitted. However, it is increased to 8.93 A when being
modulated with a sinusoidal signal. Calculate the modulation percentage.
Penyelesaian Carrier rms current, Ic = 8 A

:
Modulated Signal rms current, I =8.93 A
I
Ie   1.12
Ic
 m  2 I e2  1  21.12 2  1  0.7 or 70% 24
Example 2.6 :
From Example 2.5, calculate the antenna current for the modulated signal when the
modulation percentage is changed to 80%.
Penyelesaian :
m2 0.82
I  Ic 1  8 1  9.19 A
2 2
25
2.3 DSBSC
• To increase transmitter efficiency, the carrier can be
removed (suppressed) from the AM signal.
• This produces a reduced-carrier transmission or

double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSBSC) signal.
• A suppressed carrier amplitude modulation scheme

is three times more power efficient than traditional
DSBFC.
vm(t) DSBSC Modulator v DSBSC (t )  v m (t ) cos  c t
vc(t)
26
Let :
 vm (t )  E m cos  m t v DSBSC (t )  v m (t ) cos  c t
Therefore vDSBSC becomes :
v DSBSC (t )  E m cos  m t cos  c t

From trigonometry identity :
1 1
cos( A) cos( B)  cos A  B   cos A  B 
2 2
Hence :
vDSBSC (t )  Em cos c t cos  mt
Em Em
 cos c   m  t  cos c   m  t
2 2
27
• Frequency spectrum signal AMDSBSC
Em E
v DSBSC (t )  cos c   m  t  m cos c   m  t
2 2
Sidebands signal
Amplitude(V )
Modulating band
Em Em Em
2 2
0 m c   m c c   m  ( rads 1 )
LSB USB
28
2.3.1.1 Power, AMDSBSC
Amplitud (V )
Em Em
2 2
0 c   m c c   m  (rads 1 )
 Components representation for AMDSBSC signal:
Em E
amDSBSC (t )  cos c   m  t  m cos c  m  t
2 2
LSB USB
VLSB VUSB
29
PT  PLSB  PUSB
2 2
In DSBSC, all the power
V
LSBrms V
USBrms transmitted is sidebands
  power.
R R
2 2
 Em   Em  If R = 1 ohm.
   

2 2

2 2 2
Em
R R PT 
4
Em2 Em2 PT  PSB
 
8R 8R
Em2
 Therefore the efficiency, η = 100%
4R
30
2.3.2 SSB
• Both in AMDSBFC and AMDSBSC , The transmission bandwidth = 2 times
the modulating signal bandwidth , vm(t).
• Both techniques transmit 2 sidebands i.e. LSB and USB, which

contain identical information - the wastage of energy still occur.
• Another technique to reduce the transmitted power is AMSSB .
• In this technique of modulation only one sideband will be

transmitted either LSB or USB signal.
1 1
vm(t) Modulator SSB V AM  SSB (t )  vm (t ) cos c t  vh (t ) sin c t
2 2
vc(t)
31
• To analyze, let vm(t) :
 vm (t )  E m cos  m t
 and  
 vh (t )  Em cos  m t    Em sin  m t
 2
 Therefore amSSB :
Em Em
amSSB (t )  cos  m t cos c t  sin  m t sin c t
2 2
 From 1
trigonometry: 1 1 1
kos ( A)kos ( B)  kos A  B   kos A  B  ; sin( A) sin( B)  kos A  B   kos A  B 
2 2 2 2
Hence:
Em Em
amSSB (t )  cos c   m  t  cos c   m  t
4 4
 Em Em 
 cos c   m  t  cos c   m  t 
 4 4 
32
• We can choose to transmit LSB or USB signal.
• Plus will have AMSSB-LSB and minus will have AMSSB-USB
Em E
amSSB  LSB (t )  cos  m t  kos  c t   m sin  m t  sin c t 
2 2
E E
 m cos  c   m  t   m cos  c   m  t 
4 4
E E 
  m cos  c   m  t   m cos  c   m  t  
 4 4 
E
 m cos  c   m  t 
2
Em Em
amSSB USB (t )    
cos  m t kos c t   sin  m t  sin c t 
2 2
E E
 m cos  c   m  t   m cos  c   m  t 
4 4
E E 
  m cos  c   m  t   m cos  c   m  t  
 4 4 
E
 m cos  c   m  t  33
2 Pemodulatan Amplitud
AMSSB-LSB
AM SSB (t )  E m cos   c   m  t 
AM SSB-USB
AM SSB (t )  E m cos   c   m  t 
34
• Frequency spectrum AMSSB signal
 Em
 2 cos  c   m  t 
AMSSB-LSB
AM SSB (t )  
E
 m cos  c   m  t  AMSSB-USB
 2
Amplitud (V )
Em Em
Em
2 2
0 m c   m c c   m  (rads 1 )
LSB USB
35
2.3.2.1 Power AMSSB
Amplitud (V )
Em Em
2 2
0 c   m c c   m  (rads 1 )
 Mathematical representation for AMSSB signal components:
 Em
 2 cos  c   m  t  LSB signal VLSB
V AM  SSB (t )  
E
 m cos  c   m  t  USB signal VUSB
 2
36
PT  PLSB  PUSB We therefore reduced the
transmitting power by 50%
2 2
V
LSBrms V
USBrms
compared to amDSB-SC . Assume, R
  = 1 ohm.
R R
2 2 Therefore
 Em   Em 
    Em2
  2 2
  2 2 PT 
R R 8
2 2 PT  PLSB  PUSB
Em Em
 
8R 8R
Therefore the efficiency, η = 100%

37
Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
• Generation of SSB is difficult in both selective filtering and phase shift
methods but the bandwidth requirement is small whereas DSB is easy
to implement but the bandwidth is doubled.
• VSB combines the advantages of both previous schemes. It is easier

to generate and the bandwidth of VSB signal is approximately 25%
more than SSB.
•In VSB, instead of rejecting one sideband completely, a gradual cutoff

of one sideband takes place
38
• At the transmitter:
 DSB ( )   M (  c )  M (c )  M (  c )
VSB ( )   M (  c )  M (c )  M (  c ) H i ( )
•A special band pass filter having transfer function of is used to suppress

one side band gradually and give the signal a particular shape.
-less expensive than SSB, using lower order filter
vVSB
Carrier
Part that is LSB USB
Filtered out
f (Hz)
39
2.4 AM Generation (DSBFC)
2 methods – Direct and Indirect methods.
(i) Direct
Message Signal vm(t)cosct vAM(t)
vm(t)
Balanced
modulator + mixer
Eccosct
Ec
cosct
v AM  t   Ec cos c t  vm  t  cos c t
  Ec  vm  t   cos c t
Multipliers can be expensive and complex
40
(ii) Indirect
vm(t) Band Pass

Nonlinear Filter (BPF)
vi vo
Device vk
vc(t)
vm  t   Em cos mt
vc  t   Ec cos c t
Input signal : vi  t   vm  t   vc  t 
vi  Em cos mt  Ec cos c t
Output of the nonlinear device :
vk  E0  m1vi  m2 vi2  m3vi3  .........
41
Therefore:
vk  E0  m1  Em cos mt  Ec cos c t   m2  Em cos mt  Ec cos c t   ....

2
 E0  m1 Em cos mt  m1 Ec cos c t  m2 Em cos mt  m2 Ec cos 2 c t

2 2 2
 2m2 Em Ec cos mt cos ct  ....

2 2
 E0  m1 Em cos mt  m1 Ec cos c t  m2 Em cos mt  m2 Ec cos 2 c t
2
 m2 Em Ec  cos c  m  t  cos c  m  t   ....
vk(t) signal was then filtered using band pass filter (BPF) tuned at
the resonance frequency, fo = fc .
Output of the BPF , vo(t) ;
vo  m1 Ec cos c t  m2 Em Ec  cos c  m  t  cos c  m  t 
 m2 
 m1 Ec 1  2 Em cos m t  cos c t
 m1 
42
Compare the output signal:
v AM  t   E c 1  m cos ωs t  cos ωc t
 m2 
vo (t )  m1 Ec 1  2 Es cos  s t  cos  c t
 m1 
The output signal is similar because the frequency components are
similar even though with different amplitudes
Frequency spectrum before BPF Frequency spectrum after BPF

vk
BPF vo
Frequency Carrier
Carrier
response
LSB USB
f f
0 fs 2fs (fc-fs) fc (fc+fs) 2fc 0 (fc-fs) fc (fc+fs)
43
2.5 Generation of DSBSC
Direct – Using balanced modulator.
Functions like a multiplier – generates only LSB dan USB signals.
Original Signal Multiplier

vm(t) vm(t)cosct
v
vc(t)
t vDSBSC
(a) Message Signal

t
v
(c) DSBSC-modulated signal

t
(b) Carrier Signal

44
Mathematical Analysis
The carrier signal, vc given by Fourier Series as:
4 1 
vc (t )   sin c t  sin 3c t  ... 
 3 
If vm(t)= Emcos mt dan k is a multiplier sensitivity factor
Modulator output can be expressed:
vo  kvm  t   vc  t 
4 1 
 kEm cos mt   sin c t  sin 3ct 
 3 
4
 kEm cos mt  sin c t  .....

4kEm 1
  sin  m  c  t  sin  m  c  t
 2
2kEm
  sin  c  m  t  sin  c  m  t

2kEm    USB   LSB 
  cos     c   m  t   cos     c   
m 
t 45
  2  2 
Generation DSBSC – Indirect method
 Using 2 full AM modulators
 The input signal are the same with different polarity
 Same carrier frequency
 (Ec+ ½vm(t))cosct - (Ec- ½vm(t))cosct = vm(t)cosct
Full AM (Ec+½vs(t))cosct
½vs(t)
modulator
+
Eccosct + vs(t)cosct
- (DSBSC Signal)
Full AM
-½vs(t)
modulator (Ec -½vs(t))cosct
46
2.6 Generation of SSBSC
Selective Filtering Method
Can be realized in two steps : pg. 176, B.P.Lathi
(i) Generate first DSBSC signal and
(ii) Then filter DSBSC signal with band pass filter (BPF)
Balanced
vDSBSC BPF
vSSBSC
vs(t) Modulator
cosct
BPF is a tuned circuit that is very selective that will choose either
LSB or USB to pass through.
Not important which sideband will be selected because both
sidebands contain the same information.
47
SSBSC Generation Phase Shift Method
pg.176, B.P.Lathi
Another method – using 2 balanced modulator that will produce 2

DSBSC signals with 180o phase difference.
The circuit is called phase shifting circuit.
v1  Em cos m t cos c t
Balanced
vm (t )  Em cos mt Modulator 1
cos ωc t
+ vSSBSC
+
900 Frequency 900 Frequency mixer +
Shift - /2 Shift
Which delays the sin ωc t
phase of every Em sin mt
spectral component Balanced
by - /2 Modulator 2
v2  Em sin mt sin c t 48
Output of balanced modulator 1 : v1 (t )  Em cos mt cos c t
Output of balanced modulator 2 : v2 (t )  Em sin mt sin c t
The total output is : vSSBSC = v1(t) + v2(t)
 Em cos m t cos c t  Em sin m t sin c t

Em
 {cos c  m  t  cos c  m  t}
2
cancelled
Em
 {cos c  m  t  cos c   m  t}
2
LSB being sent
vSSBSC  Em cos(c   m )t
49
2.7 VSB Generation
vVSB

vDSBSC VSB Filter
vs(t)
2cosct
vVSB
Carrier
Part that is LSB USB
Filtered out
f (Hz)
50
2.8 Demodulation
The process of recovering the modulating signal or the original
information/message signal. Conducted at the receiver.
Demodulation is performed by the demodulation circuit
(also known as the detector circuit).
Modulated Signal
(AM/FM)
Message Message
Signal Tx Rx Signal
The simplest and most economic detector for AM signal is the

envelope detector.
-The main reason why a full AM is more popular than DSBSC or
SSBSC
51
2.8.1 Demodulation AMDSB-FC
(i) Envelope Detector – also known as rectifier detector
or diode detector
• Cost efficient
• Simple implementation
• No need to generate local carrier
 The original signal is located at the envelope of the

modulated signal
AM modulated/envelope a b c d
signal
+ C’
C
R’
R
[Ec+ vs(t)] cos c t
LPF
Envelope Detector Circuit 52
(i) Envelope Detector
The discharge rate or voltage drop at the capacitor depends on the time
constant,  RC
If RC is too large, the voltage drop is too slow that causes diagonal
clipping where part of the input peak voltages can not be detected at the
output (Refer to Figure 2.18(a)) .
If RC is too small, the output voltage from the capacitor will contain many
ripple and the desired message signal will be distorted
(Refer to Figure 2.18(b)) .
RC too RC too
large small
t t
Figure 2.18(a) Figure 2.18(b)

53
(i) Envelope Detector
To overcome those effects, follow : RC 

1 m  2 1/ 2

1
mm m
m – modulation index dan m – radian frequency of the message signal
Rs
C2
Diode
C1
R1 R2
LPF
DC Component
Blocker
54
Impact of RC Value
When RC value is optimum
When RC value is too small
When RC is too large 55

Simple Mathematical Analysis
Assuming that the diode functions like a switch, that its voltage,
Vd follows:
Vd    E c  v s  t   cos ωc t k (t )
Where k(t) is the mathematical expression for diode’s switching function:
1 2  1 
Vd    Ec  vs  t   cos  c t     cos  c t  cos 3 c t  ...... 
2   3 
1 2  1 
Vd  V po int b    Ec  vs  t   cos c t    cos c t  cos 3c t  ......
2   3 
1
  Ec  vs  t    higher frequency terms a b c d

LPF has the resonance frequency at f s . + C’
1
V po int c   Ec  v s  t  

1 Ec
V po int d  vs  t  since capacitor C prevents direct current
'
going through
56 it.
 
V at point ‘a’ V at point ‘b’
[Ec+vs(t)] cos c t
Ec+vs(t)
1/ [Ec+vs(t)]
0 t
t
a b c d
+ C’
V at point ‘c’ V at point ‘d’

1/ vs(t)
1/ [Ec+vs(t)]
t
t
57
2.8.1 Demodulation AMDSB-FC
(ii) Square Law Detector
Square Law x(t)
AMDSB-FC(t) Detector LPF
y(t)
y =x2 C
x(t )  {amDSB  FC (t )}2  {[ Ac  m(t )] kos c t}2 Get rid of DC

 Ac2 kos 2c t  m 2 (t ) kos 2c t  2 Ac m(t ) kos 2c t component
 0.5 Ac2  0.5 Ac kos 2c t  0.5m 2 (t )  0.5m 2 (t ) kos 2c t  Ac m(t )  Ac m(t )kos2c t
2
 0.5 Ac2  Ac m(t )  0.5m 2 (t )  [0.5 Ac  0.5m 2 (t )  Ac m(t ) ]kos 2c t

2
                      
DC Message Harmonic
Component Signal Frequencies
After going through LPF and C, output is the desired message signal
i.e.
y (t )  Ac m(t ) 58
2.9 Demodulation AMDSB-SC
• Since envelope of the modulated signal is different from the
modulating or message signal, m(t), one can not use the
envelope detector to demodulate AMDSB-SC signal
• Its demodulation can be performed using a synchronous detector

or also known as the coherent detector
59
2.9.1 A Synchronous Detector
x(t) Low Pass Filter

AMDSB-SC(t) X y(t)
Local Oscillator DSBSC DEMOD

Multiplier
c(t)=cos(ωct)
• A local oscillator to generate local carrier is required

• The generated signal has to be synchronised with the carrier
signal that is used at the transmitter
Mathematical analysis:
x(t )  AM DSB  SC (t ) cos(c t )
 m(t ) cos(c t ) cos(c t )
 m(t ) cos 2 (c t ) 60
• Output from the mixer:
x(t )  m(t )kos 2 ( c t )

• Trigonometry Identity:
1
kos (u )  1  kos(2u )
2
2
• Therefore:
1
x(t )  m(t )1  kos(2 c t )
2
1 1
 m(t )  m(t ) kos( 2 c t )
2 2
• After LPF, output is the original message signal:

1
y (t )  m(t )
2
61
2.9.1.1 Impacts of the Carrier Frequency
and Phase Errors
 When there is a phase/frequency difference between the
locally generated carrier frequency and input signal
DSBSC.
x(t) Low
AMDSB-SC(t) X Pass Filter
y(t)
Local Oscillator
c(t)=cos[(ωc+Δω)t + φ ] Multiplier
• This leads to distortion during demodulation process of

AMDSB-SC signal.
62
Mathematical Analysis: Phase Error
• The Mixer output:
x(t )  [m(t )kos(ct )]kos[(ct )   ]
• Trigonometry identity:
1
kos( A)kos( B)   kos( A  B)  kos( A  B)
2
• Thus:
1
x(t )  m(t ) kos( )  kos( 2c t   )
2
1 1
 m(t )kos( )  m(t )kos( 2c t   )
2 2
• By letting x(t) into the LPF, the message signal can be
recovered:
1
y (t )  m(t )kos ( )
2 63
Implication due to Carrier Phase Error
• The error causes distortion, therefore the tuning of local
frequency signal has to be fixed .
• The LPF output has the factor of cos(φ).
1
y (t )  m(t ) cos( )
2
• Whereby if
1
 0 y (t )  m(t )
2

 y (t )  0
2
Costas Loop / PLL is used - To ensure that the LO’s phase is fixed
with reference to the carrier signal, which results in a maximum
message signal,.
The loop has a Voltage Controller Oscillator (VCO) that will be
locked to the carrier frequency of DSBSC signal with only small
phase error. 64
2.9.2 Demodulation AMSSBSC
2.9.2.1 SSBSC Synchronous Detector
x(t) Low Pass Filter

AMSSBSC(t) X vo(t)
vc(t)
Multiplier
Mathematical Analysis:
vSSBSC USB  cos c   s  t whose amplitude  1

1
vo  vSSBSC  vc  cos c   s  t  cos c t    cos 2c   s  t  cos  S t 
2
1
After LPF, vLPF  cos  S t  Original signal component
2
65
SSBSC Synchronous Detector- Error Implication
When the locally generated carrier has a phase difference error;
vc  t   cos c t   
1
vo  cos c   s  t  cos c t      cos 2ct  st     cos s t    
2
1
 vLPF  cos  s t    where the original signal can still be recovered
2
and the phase error causes small impact
2.9.3 VSB Detector

Similar to DSBSC dan SSBSC detectors but the input signal is
a VSB signal.
66
2.10 Superheterodyne Receiver
Used in the commercial AM/FM radio.
RF signal (540-1600 KHz) received is translated to an
intermediate frequency (IF = 455 KHz) for the purpose of
amplification, filtering and demodulation.
The device that performs the modulated signal frequency

translation is known as a frequency mixer.
The operation is called frequency mixing or conversion or
heterodyne.
Mathematically;
fLO = fRF  fIF
Where fLO is the frequency of local oscillator @ mixer

67
2.10 Superheterodyne Receiver
RF signal AM
(540-1600) KHz
[ A  m (t )] cos  c t [ A  m (t )] cos  IF t
Antenna
RF RF Mixer IF IF
Tuner Amplifier Filter Amplifier
Common
Local f IF  f LO  f c
Tuning, fc
Oscillator
fLO = fc  fIF Km (t )
Speaker
Envelope
Detector
fm 68
How frequency conversion is done
Let say we want to analyze a frequency mixer used to change
the carrier frequency of a modulated signal [A+m(t)] cos ct
from c to some other frequency IF .
Solution :
x(t) = [A+m(t)] cos ct x 2 cos mixt
= [A+m(t)] [cos (c - mix )t + cos (c + mix )t ]
where mix = c + IF or c - IF
If we select mix = c - IF
x(t) = [A+m(t)] [cos IF t + cos (2c - IF )t ]
If we select mix = c + IF
x(t) = [A+m(t)] [cos IF t + cos (2c + IF )t ]
69
How the frequency conversion is done
Bandpass filter tuned to IF , will pass [A+m(t)] cos IF t .
Thus the carrier frequency has been translated to I from c
[A+m(t)] cos c t x(t) [A+m(t)] cos IF t

BPF tuned
to I F
2 cos (c  IF ) t

0 IF 2c - IF 2c 2c + IF
Frequency mixer or converter and the spectrum representaion

70
Superheterodyne Receiver
• The advantages:
– Overcome weaknesses in some components that could not
operate at high frequency.
– Components can operate at a fixed frequency (IF), which

will optimise its usage and reduce cost.
Table showing parameters for AM and FM radio:
AM Radio FM Radio
RF Carrier Range 0.535 – 1.605 MHz 88 – 108 MHz
IF Frequency 0.455 kHz 10.7 MHz
IF Bandwidth 10 kHz 200 kHz
71
2.11.1 Noise in DSBSC
Synchronous detector
x(t) = r(t)cosc t Low Pass Filter
r(t) X y(t)
cosc t Noise signal
The received modulated signal: r (t )  vDSB  SC (t )  ni (t ) cos  c t

Thus
r (t )  v s (t ) cos  c t  ni (t ) cos  c t
2
Input Signal Power:  v s (t ) 
Si   
 2 
Input Noise Power:
N i   ni (t )
2
72
Then ;
2
Si v s (t )
 SNR  i   2
N i 2ni (t )
x(t) = r(t)cosc t
Mixer Output: r(t) X
x(t )  r (t ) cos  c t
cosc t
 v s (t ) cos 2  c t  ni (t ) cos 2  c t
1 1 1 1
 v s (t )  v s (t ) cos 2 c t  ni (t )  ni (t ) cos 2 c t
2 2 2 2
Filtered out
After LPF : x(t) Low Pass Filter

y(t)
1 1
y (t )  v s (t )  ni (t )
2 2
73
Output y(t) :
1 1
y (t )  v s (t )  ni (t )
2 2
2 2
Output Signal 1  v s (t )
Power: S o   v s (t )  2
2  4 S o vs (t )
;  SNR  o   2
Output Noise 1
2

2
ni (t ) N o ni (t )
N o   ni (t ) 
Power: 2  4
Maka ;
( SNR ) o  2( SNR ) i
The equation shows that the detector leads to a double

improvement on the noise factor (for DSBSC).
74
2.11.2 Noise in SSBSC
Message signal with the presence of noise:
*
r (t )  v s (t ) cos  c t  v s (t ) sin  c t  ni (t ) cos  c t
*
where v s (t )  v s (t ) (phase shifted by 90o )
*
And similar amplitude where, | v s (t ) || v s (t ) |
Input signal :
Input noise :
2 2
 s 
v (t )  v
*
s (t )

Si     N i   ni (t )
2

 2   2 
2 *2
vs (t ) vs (t ) Therefore :
 
2 2 S i v s (t )
2
S i  v s (t )
2  SNR  i   2
N i ni (t ) 75
After the multiplier:
x (t )  r (t ) cos  c t
 [v s (t ) cos c t  v s (t ) sin  c t  ni (t ) cos  c t ] cos c t
*
*
 v s (t ) cos 2  c t  v s (t ) sin  c t cos  c t  ni (t ) cos 2  c t
1 1 1 * 1 1
 vs (t )  vs (t ) cos 2 c t  vs (t ) sin 2 c t  ni (t )  ni (t ) cos 2 c t
2 2 2 2 2
After LPF : 1 1 Filtered out

y (t )  v s (t )  ni (t )
2 2
Output :
2
1 
2
v (t )
2
; v s (t )
S o   v s (t )  s ( SNR ) o  2
2  4 ni (t )
2 2
1  ni (t ) Therefore :
N o   ni (t ) 
2  4 ( SNR ) o  ( SNR ) i 76
2.11.3 Noise in Full AM
r (t )  [ E c  v s (t )] cos  c t  ni (t ) cos  c t
 E c cos  c t  v s (t ) cos  c t  ni (t ) cos  c t
2 2 2 2
 E c   v s (t )  E c  v s (t )
Si        ; N i   n i (t )  2
  
2 2  2
After the multiplier: r(t) x(t) = r(t)cosc t

X
x(t )  r (t ) cos  c t
cosc t
 [ E c  v s (t )] cos  c t  ni (t ) cos  c t
2 2
1 1 1 1
 [ E c  v s (t )]  [ E c  v s (t )] cos 2 c t  ni (t )  ni (t ) cos 2 c t
2 2 2 2
Filtered out
77
After LPF :
1 1 1 Therefore :
y (t )  E c  v s (t )  ni (t ) 2 2
2 2 2 v s (t )
v s (t ) S i
( SNR ) o  2  2 .
DC value removed ni (t ) ni (t ) S i
2
v s (t ) Si
Yields
 2
. 2 2
1 1 ni (t ) E c  v s (t )
y (t )  v s (t )  ni (t )
2 2 2
2
And 2v s (t ) Si
1
2

2
v s (t )  2 2
. 2
S o   v s (t )  E c  v s (t ) ni (t )
2  4 2
2 2v s (t ) Si
1 
2
ni (t )  .
N o   ni (t )  Ec
2 2
 v s (t ) N i
2  4
It is shown that (SNR)o is always
less than (SNR)i as | v (t ) | E
s 78
c
E.g. 1 :
Get the percentage of the saved power when DSBSC is used compared to the Full
AM for (i) m = 1 , (ii) m = 0.5 .
Solution :
(i ) m  1 (ii ) m  0.5
 m2   0. 5 2 
PAM  Pc 1   PAM  Pc 1    1.125 Pc
 2   2 
 1 m 2 Pc 0.52 Pc
 Pc 1    1.5 Pc PSB    0.125Pc
 2 2 2
m 2 Pc Pc 1.125  0.125
PSB    0.5Pc Power saved %  x 100
2 2 1.125
P  PSB  88.9 %
Power saved %  AM x 100
PAM
1.5  0.5
 x 100  66.7 %
1.5 79
E.g. 2 :
Is DSBSC better than SBSC in the noisy environment ?
Solution:
No. This is as noise is proportional to bandwidth. DSBSC requires
bandwidth that is twice as large compared to SSBSC. Therefore its noise
power is doubled.
In conclusion, SSBSC’s noise performance is similar to DSBSC in the
presence of white noise
80
E.g. 3 :
A message signal, vm (t )  mEc cos  m t is modulated using an AM
technique. Proof ) o  2 3 ( SNR ) i
( SNRthat if the modulation index, m is
equal to 1
Solution:
2
2vm (t ) Si
It is known that ( SNR ) o AM  2 2
.
Ec  vm (t ) N i
2
 mEc 
2  2
 2  S 2 m Si
 . i
 .
 mEc  N i 2  m N i
2 2
2
Ec   
 2 
replace m  1 ;
2 Si
( SNR ) o  . ( proven )
3 Ni
81
E.g. 4 :
A message signal, vm  t   5 cos 1000t is transmitted using DSBSC. Noise
with power spectral density of 10-4 Watt/Hz is added to the signal during
transmission. Get the output SNR in unit dB.
Solution :
Assume noise is a white  noise :

 o  10 4 ;  o  2 10 4
2
The average input noise , N i   o  BWDSBSC
 
  o  2 f m  2 500 2 10 4  0.2
vm2  t  1  52 
and Si      6.25
2 2 2 
where vm2  t  is rms power
Si 6.25
 for DSBSC system ; 
Ni 0.2
  SNR  o  2 SNR  i  62.5 82
Homework
A 15 kHz sinusoidal signal having an amplitude of 2V modulates a 500 kHz carrier
frequency having an amplitude 3V. If the signal has been modulated with a balanced
modulator and the results are three different modulations as below:
(i) Full Amplitude Modulation (AM)
(ii) Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier(DSBSC)
(iii) Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC)
(a) For each case, draw a suitable block diagram to produce the modulated output and its
frequency spectrum (12 Marks)
(b) Draw a suitable block diagram showing the detection of the 15 kHz signal from the three
modulations given above. (2 Marks)
(c) If the oscillator in the detector circuit has a phase shift from 0o to 90o, explain with a
mathematical expression the effect on the DSBSC signal and the SSBSC signal at the
receiver output (6 Marks)
(d) Give a suggestion how to prevent the effect mentioned in (c) for DSBSC signal.
(2 Marks)
83
Figure below shows a nonlinear modulator system comprises of a nonlinear
device, a BPF and an amplifier. Input Vi is the combination of a 80 KHz carrier
signal with 10 V peak voltage and a 10KHz input signal with 1 V peak voltage.
(i)Determine amplitude and frequency of all components at the output of BPF

(ii)Determine modulation index before and after BPF
(iii)Calculate % of sideband power to the total power at the amplifier output
Vi NLR V’ V’’ Vo
BPF x100
Device
V’ = Vi+ 0.1 Vi2
3 dB
70 80 90 KHz
BPF Response
84

Communication Principles Chapter II - Amplitude Modulation

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Communication Principles Chapter II - Amplitude Modulation

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SEE 3533

• Modulation permits the use of multiplexing

• Modulation can provide some control over noise/interference

• To learn AM modulation and demodulation techniques.

Some variants of AM signal:

vm(t) AM Modulator v AM (t )   E c  v m (t )  cos  c t

 Given the modulation index : Em

 amDSBFC can be deduced to: v AM (t )  E c 1  m cos  m t  cos  c t

 From trigonometry identities: 1 1

Carrier signal Sidebands signal

• The phase change for carrier signal when over-modulation

where V  max  Ec  Em dan V  min  Ec  Em

• m could be obtained from the amplitudes of sidebands

i) The modulation index, m

Bandwidth= 2fm = fUSB - fLSB = 2 kHz

iii) mEc/2 = 1.5 Emax  2 Ec  Em   26.Volt

v AM  t   100 cos(c  m )t  500 cos c t  100 cos(c  m )t

(ii) vs  t   200 cos mt 100 100

(iii) %m = 200/500 x 100 = 40% f c - fm fc f c+ f m 15

(ii) m = 1.5/6 = (15-9)/ (15+9) = 0.25 = 25% 16

98.5k 100k 101.5k

 In the modulation process signal is converted to electrical

Transmission efficiency, η for AM:

If m = 1 (100% modulation), the average power, PSB = 50% Pc= Pc/2

The transmission efficiency with m = 1 is only 33.33% .

In practice, information signal is complex or non periodic signal,

vm (t )  E m1 cos  m1t  E m 2 cos  m 2 t  ......

PAM  Pc 1   m12  m22  m32  ... 

Each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of the modulating signal and is a

Penyelesaian Carrier rms current, Ic = 8 A

• This produces a reduced-carrier transmission or

• A suppressed carrier amplitude modulation scheme

vm(t) DSBSC Modulator v DSBSC (t )  v m (t ) cos  c t

Therefore vDSBSC becomes :

v DSBSC (t )  E m cos  m t cos  c t

• Both techniques transmit 2 sidebands i.e. LSB and USB, which

• Another technique to reduce the transmitted power is AMSSB .

• In this technique of modulation only one sideband will be

 Mathematical representation for AMSSB signal components:

Therefore the efficiency, η = 100%

• VSB combines the advantages of both previous schemes. It is easier

•In VSB, instead of rejecting one sideband completely, a gradual cutoff

•A special band pass filter having transfer function of is used to suppress

Multipliers can be expensive and complex

vm(t) Band Pass

vk  E0  m1  Em cos mt  Ec cos c t   m2  Em cos mt  Ec cos c t   ....

 E0  m1 Em cos mt  m1 Ec cos c t  m2 Em cos mt  m2 Ec cos 2 c t

 2m2 Em Ec cos mt cos ct  ....

 m2 Em Ec  cos c  m  t  cos c  m  t   ....

Frequency spectrum before BPF Frequency spectrum after BPF

Original Signal Multiplier

(a) Message Signal

(c) DSBSC-modulated signal

(b) Carrier Signal

 (Ec+ ½vm(t))cosct - (Ec- ½vm(t))cosct = vm(t)cosct

Another method – using 2 balanced modulator that will produce 2

The total output is : vSSBSC = v1(t) + v2(t)

 Em cos m t cos c t  Em sin m t sin c t

The simplest and most economic detector for AM signal is the

 The original signal is located at the envelope of the

Figure 2.18(a) Figure 2.18(b)

To overcome those effects, follow : RC 

When RC value is optimum