Tanaman Makanan

Food Crops
AGR3502
RICE
Week 2 Lecture

Rice:
• Facts and figures - production
• Origin and history
• Ecosystem
• Varieties
• Botany - morphology, growth stages
Rice
Family: Poaceae
Botanical name: Oryza sativa
Rice facts

• As a food source for more than a third of w

orld population.
• Provides 32% of calorie intake.
• >90% is grown and consumed in Asia.
• 148 million ha is grown annually.
• 11% of world’s arable land is planted with r
ice.
World rice production
 Asian and Rice culture
The integral part of human culture, life
style and livelihood with rice production in
Asia for thousand of years.
Asian culture and rice is here to
stay forever
 As a profession
 As a staple food
 As a economic & political stability to the
country
 As a food security to the country
World Rice Production
Negara t/ha
Australia 9.6
China 6.3
Jepun 6.7
Korea 6.5
Indonesia 4.5
Vietnam 4.3
Thailand 2.5
Malaysia 4.5
World average 3.9
Rice Planting Areas in Malaysia
• 480,000 ha in Peninsular (475,000 in 10 Main
Granaries)
• 18,000 ha in Sabah
• 16,000 ha in Sarawak

• Either under MOA (Integrated Agricultre

Development Area) or state (KADA, MADA)
• Grown 2 seasons per year (Main and Off
Seasons)
• Individual (under PPK) or estate
Rice Production in 10 Granaries
Granary Average yield (t/ha)
MADA 4.2-4.5 (8)
KADA 3.4-4.0 (8)
IADA Seberang Perai 2.9-3.2 (8)
IADA Kerian/Sungai Manik 3.2-3.5 (8)
IADA Barat Laut Selangor 4.5-5.0 (10)
IADA Kemasin Semerak 2.9-3.3 (6)
IADA Besut 3.4-4.2 (8)
IADA Seberang Perak 3.5-4.2 (8)
IADA Rompin 2.9-3.3 (6)
IADA Pekan 2.9-3.3 (6)
Rice Production in Malaysia
Average (2016)

Main Season 3.5 - 5 t/ha

Off Season 2.9 - 3.5 t/ha
Rice history
• The domestication of rice:
1. In Southeast Asia = Thailand 4000 B.C.
2. In Ancient India = Mohenjodaro (now in Pakista
n) 6750 B.C.
3. In China = 7040 yrs old.
4. In Africa (Nigeria river delta) = 1500 B.C.

• As far back as 3500 B.C. rice has been docume

nted in the history books as a source of food and
culture in Asia.
• In Europe, 344-324 B.C. reported in Greece and
Southern Italy.
Origin of cultivated rice

Only two cultivated species

i. O. sativa
The Asian rice. Grown worldwide

ii. O. glaberrima
The African rice. Grown in limited scale
in West Africa
The three subspp. of O. sativa
 Japonica: sticky, short grained varieties. Grown
in dryfields, temperate East Asia, or uplands in
Southeast Asia
 Indica: nonsticky, long-grained varieties. Mainly l
owland rices, grown mostly submerged, through
out tropical Asia.
 Javanica: broad grained varieties. Also known as
tropical japonica. Grown in the high-elevation ric
e terraces
 Relatives of cultivated O. sativa
• Northern wild rice,
Zizania aquatica
Native to America and Canada

• Wild rice,
Oryza rufipogon
Oryza nivara
Oryza nivara
Origin - northern Asia
Relative of cultivated African rice (Oryza
glaberirma)
• Oryza barthii
Rice is known to come in a variety of colors,
including: white rice, brown rice, black rice, purple
rice, and red rice.
http://wholegrainscouncil.org/whole-grains-
101/types-of-rice
-The R ice E cosystem-
Four major ecosystems are recognized
i. Irrigated rice
ii. Rainfed lowland rice
iii. Upland rice
iv. Floodprone (deep water) rice
Proportion of rice ecosystem

Rainfed lowland
Irrigated 55%
25%
Irrigated rice

• Contributes 75% of world rice production.

• Modern varieties and modern cultivation
techniques further increase crop
productivity.
• Irrigated wet season and irrigated dry
season.
Rainfed lowland rice

• About 25% of the world rice area.

• Lower yield relative to irrigated rice (approx
2-3 t per ha).
• Includes aerobic rice
Upland rice

• Worldwide area about 16 mill ha.

• Grown under rainfed, well drained soils wit
hout surface soil accumulation.
• Low yield, 1-2 ton ha., mainly due to weed
s, limited area, and low nutrients.
Floodprone rice

• Worldwide area about 9 mill ha.

• Grown in low lying land in river deltas.
• Varieties have elongation ability.
• Water depth 50 cm or more
Rice varieties
• About 120,000 varieties are known throug
hout the world.
• Diverse genetic variation based on Interna
tional Rice Genome Sequencing project, w
ith 60,000 rice genes.
Rice varieties
• Some varieties mature within 85-95 days
(ie Clearfield) and others such as Rayada
(deep water variety) the growth cycle take
s 280 days.
Rice varieties
Tall conventional variety
• 150-200 cm tall, thus, easily lodged.
• Growth duration 160-200 days to mature.
• Yield varies with crop management.
• e.g. Variety Origin
Seraup 27 Malaya
Mayang Ebos Malaya
Serendah Kuning Malaya
Siam 29 Malaya
Renyong Malaya
Seribu Gantang Malaya
Improved high-yielding variety
• The ideotype. Also known as semi-dwarf.
• Short stature, thus, not easily lodged.
• Growth duration 120-150 days to mature.
• Produce large number of unproductive tille
rs.
• e.g. IR 8, MR71, MR219, MR220, MR232
New Plant Type variety
• The ideotype. Also a semi-dwarf.
• Short stature, with very little unproductive t
illers.
• Super rice.
• Growth duration 85-120 days to mature.
• Plant has dark green and erect leaves.
• Vigorous and deep root system.
• MR296, Clearfield
The hybrid rice
• Chinese scientists have perfected the tech
nology since 1970s.
• Hybrid rice produces 20-30% higher yield.
• The commercial production is the F1 seed
s, which can be expensive to farmers.
• Not for seed production by farmers (no
recycle)
How hybrid rice is produced
Rice is a self-pollinating and monoecious
species.

A male sterile line – the rice variety withou

t a viable pollen. Considered as a female a
nd accept pollen from other variety.

A male (pollen) parent – with normal repr

oduction function.

Both varieties plant in the same field.

 Rice Botany: General Plant
Morphology
The cultivated rice: semi-aquatic annual g
rass. However, some can be aquatic.

Plant height: 0.4 - 2 m.

 Schematic representation
of mature rice plant.

Itoh J et al. Plant Cell Physiol 2005;46:23-47

©2005 by Oxford University Press

MORPHOLOGY OF THE DIFFERENT
PARTS

GERMINATING SEED & SEEDLING

TILLER
ROOT
CULM
LEAF
INFLORESCENCE
RICE GRAIN
 GERMINATING SEED &
SEEDLING
When the seed germinates in well-drained and well-aerated
soil, the coleorhiza, a covering enclosing the radicle or
primary root, protrudes first.
If the seed germinates in water, the coleoptile, a covering
enclosing the young shoot, emerges ahead of the
coleorhiza. The coleoptile emerges as a tapered cylinder.
Radicle or primary root breaks through
the covering.
Two or more sparsely branched seminal roots follow.
These roots eventually die and are replaced by
many secondary adventitious roots.
 TILLERS

The seedling will grow and develop branched tillers. Parts o

f the rice tiller include the roots, culm and leaves.
 ROOT
Apart of primary/crown roots, secondary adventitious r
oot are produced from the underground nodes of young tille
rs.
As the plant grows, coarse adventitious prop root often fo
rm above the soil surface in whorls from the nodes of the cu
lm.
 CULM
The culm, or jointed stem of the rice, is made up of a series
of nodes and internodes.
Generally, internodes increase in length from the lower to th
e upper portions of the plant.
The lower internodes at the plant base are short and thick.
 LEAF

Leaves are borne alternately on the culm in opposite

directions. One leaf is produced at each node. Varieties
differ in the number of leaves produced.
The topmost leaf below the panicle is the flag leaf. The flag leaf
contributes largely to the filling of grains because it supplies
photosynthetic products, mainly to the panicle.
The leaf sheath and leaf blade are
continuous.
The leaf sheath is wrapped around the culm above the
node.
 With many parallel veins on the upper surface of the leaf,
the underside of the leaf blade is smooth with a prominent
ridge in the middle; the midrib.
 INFLORESCENCE
 A group or cluster of flowers arranged on the terminal area
of the stem
 Also called the rice panicle
 The panicle bears rice spikelets which develop into grains
 Spikelets are basic unit of the inflorescence or the p
anicle.
 It consists of the pedicel and the floret (flower).
 Floret is actually the flower. Rice is predominantly a
monoecious spp (have both male and female organs in
one flower).
 The flower consists of a pistil or the female organ, and si
x stamens or the male organs.
 RICE GRAIN

 Ripened ovary, with the lemma and palea

(protector) maintain attached to it.
 Endorsperm - largest portion of the grain. Stores
energy for embryo (complex carbohydrates)
 Embryo (germ)
 Plant life cycle
 Growth cycle: 3-6 months from germinati
on to maturity.
 Three distinct growth stages:
Vegetative, reproductive, ripening
The rice plant growth stages
1. Vegetative stage
2. Reproductive stage
3. Ripening stage
• Different varieties will have different
growth duration
• The differences in growth duration are det
ermined by changes in the length of the ve
getative phase.
There are specific growth stages
within these 3 growth stages

Consists of stage 0 (germination)

until

stage 9 (maturity)
1. Vegetative stage
Consists of
stage 0
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
2. Reproductive growth stage
Consists of
stage 4
stage 5
stage 6
3. Ripening growth stage
• Consists of
stage 7
stage 8
stage 9
Stage 8: The grains in the panicle
begin to change from green to
yellow. Senescence of tillers and
leaves is noticeable.

Stage 9: >90% of the filled grains have

turned yellow and hard. A
considerable amount of dead leaves
accumulate at the base of the plant.
Conclusion
• Rice = important food crop esp. in Asia
• 2 spp of major cultivated rice = O. sativa and O.
glaberrima
• Rice can be grown under 4 ecosystems -
irrigated, rainfed lowland, upland, floodprone
• Rice morphology is similar to other grass
spp/crops
• 3 main varieties are being widely grown
nowadays
• 3 phases consisting of 9 stages involved in rice
life cycle
Thank you