Gases

Gases
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE
◦ T and V are constant
◦ Pressure fraction = mole fraction
◦ PT = PA + PB + PC +…….
AMAGAT’S LAW OF PARTIAL VOLUME
◦ T and P are constant
◦ Volume fraction = mole fraction
◦ VT = VA + VB +VC +……
GIVEN:
GAS MIXTURE COMPOSITION
CH4 87%
C2H6 12%
C3H8 1%

◦REQUIRED:
◦%comp. in wt.
◦%comp. in vol.
◦V(m3) if m=80 kg, T = 90C, P = 600kPa
◦Density at STP (kg/m3)
Types of Ideal Gas Processes
There are four types of thermodynamics processes. What this
basically means is that in a system, one or more variable is held
constant
◦ Isobaric
◦ Isochoric
◦ Isothermal
◦ Adiabatic
Isobaric
•This is a process where the pressure of the system is kept
constant
Isochoric
•This is a process where the volume of the system is kept
constant.
Isothermal
•This is a process where the temperature of the system is kept
constant.
Adiabatic
•This is a process where no heat is being added or removed from
the system
CONDENSABLE GAS
◦ Vapor, liquid at room temperature
NONCONDENSABLE GAS
◦ Gas, gases at room temperature
SATURATION (PP = PV)
◦ Partial pressure of the vapor is equal to the vapor pressure at
specified temperature.
UNSATURATION (PP < PV)
◦ Partial pressure of the vapor is less than the vapor pressure at
specified temperature
Expression of Degree of Saturation
DEW POINT
Temperature at which the vapor starts to condense
Example: dew point = 300C [H2O]
PH2O = PVH2O at 300C

Vapor pressure:
available from steam table or vapor pressure table
or calculated using Antoine Equation
ln(P) = A – [B/(C + T)]
Vapour pressure of water
(0–100 Celsius)
T(C) P(kPa) P(torr) P(atm)
0 0.6113 4.5851 0.006
5 0.8726 6.545 0.0086
10 1.2281 9.2115 0.0121
15 1.7056 12.7931 0.0168
20 2.3388 17.5424 0.0231
25 3.169 23.7695 0.0313
30 4.2455 31.8439 0.0419
35 5.6267 42.2037 0.0555
40 7.3814 55.3651 0.0728
45 9.5898 71.9294 0.0946
50 12.344 92.5876 0.1218
55 15.752 118.1497 0.1555
60 19.932 149.5023 0.1967
65 25.022 187.6804 0.2469
70 31.176 233.8392 0.3077
75 38.563 289.2463 0.3806
80 47.373 355.3267 0.4675
85 57.815 433.6482 0.5706
90 70.117 525.9208 0.692
95 84.529 634.0196 0.8342
100 101.32 759.9625 1
Expression of Degree of Saturation
RELATIVE SATURATION (RS)
Defined as the partial pressure of the vapor divided by the vapor
pressure of the vapor at the temperature of the gas.
Expression of Degree of Saturation
MOLAL SATURATION (Sm)
The ratio of the moles of vapor to the moles of vapor-free gas
Expression of Degree of Saturation
ABSOLUTE SATURATION (Sabs)
Weight of vapor per weight vapor-free gas
Expression of Degree of Saturation
PERCENTAGE SATURATION (%S)
If a gas at 600C and 101.6 kPa, has a molal humidity of 0.030,
determine:
the relative humidity
the dew point of the gas (in 0C)
PV @ 600C = 148.29 mmHg
Given: air-water vapour mixture
RH = 85%
PV @ 900F = 35.64 mmHg
T = 90 0F
PT = 14.696 psia= 760 mmHg
Required:
a) Hm
b) Habs
c) Saturation temperature
PROCESSES INVOLVING gas-vapor mixture
Vaporization/ Condensation
Humidification / Dehumidification
Vaporization
Transformation of a liquid into a vapor in a non-condensable gas.
Condensation
Change of a vapor in a non-condensable gas to liquid.
Example
Example
OTHER APPLICATION
Gas Drying
Gas Absorption
Gas Absorption
 1000 lbs of a slurry containing 10 % by weight calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) is to be filtered on a rotary vacuum
filter. The filter cake from the filter contains 60 % water.
This cake is then placed into a drier and dried to a
moisture content of 9.09 lb of H2O/ 100 lb of CaCO3. If
the humidity of the air entering the drier is 0.005 lb of
water per lb of dry air and the humidity of the air leaving
the drier is 0.015 lb water per lb of dry air, calculate
 
◦Pound of water removed by the filter
◦Pounds of air-vapor mixture entering the the drier
Example
An absorber receives a mixture of air containing 12 percent carbon
disulfide. The absorbing solution is benzene and the gas exits from
the absorber with a CS2 content of 3 percent and a benzene content
of 3 percent (because some of the benzene evaporates). What
fraction of CS2 was recovered?