TK 2633

Microprocessor & Interfacing

Introduction to 8085 Instruction Set

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 INTRODUCTION

A microcomputer performs a task by reading and

executing the set of instructions written in its
memory.
This set of instructions, written in a sequence, is
called a program.
Each instruction in the program is a command, in
binary, to the microprocessor to perform an
operation.

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 MACHINE CONTROL OPERATIONS

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 DATA TRANSFER OPERATIONS

The data transfer instructions ‘copy’ data from a

source into a destination without modifying the
contents of the source.
The previous contents of the destination are
replaced by the contents of the source.

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 DATA TRANSFER OPERATIONS

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 EXAMPLE 1

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 EXAMPLE 2

Load the accumulator A with the data byte 82H

(the letter H indicates hexadecimal number), and
save the data in register B.

Instructions: MVI A, 82H,

MOV B,A

The first instruction is a 2-byte instruction that

loads the accumulator with the data byte 82H, and
the second instruction MOV B,A copies the
contents of the accumulator in register B without
changing the contents of the accumulator.
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 EXAMPLE 3
Write instructions to read 8 ON/OFF switches
connected to the input port with the address OOH, and
turn on the devices connected to the output port with
the address 01H, as shown in Figure 6.1.

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 SOLUTION FOR EXAMPLE 3

The input has eight switches that are connected to

the data bus through the tri-state buffer.
• Any one of the switches can be connected to +5 V
(logic 1) or to ground (logic 0),
• and each switch controls the corresponding device
at the output port.
• The microprocessor needs to read the bit pattern on
the switches and send the same bit pattern to the
output port to turn on the corresponding devices.

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 SOLUTION FOR EXAMPLE 3
Instructions: IN OOH
OUT 01H
HLT

 When MPU executes the instruction IN 00H, it enables the tri-state

buffer.
 The bit pattern 4FH formed by the switch positions is placed on
the data bus and transferred to the accumulator (reading an input
port).
 When MPU executes OUT 01H,
 it places the contents of the accumulator on the data bus and
enables the output port O1H (writing to output port).
 The output port latches the bit pattern and turns ON/OFF the
devices connected to the port according to the bit pattern.

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 Illustrative Program: Data Transfer

PROBLEM STATEMENT
• Load the hexadecimal number 37H in register B, and
display the number at the output port labeled
PORT1.

PROBLEM ANALYSIS
• Step 1: Load register B with a number.
• Step 2: Send the number to the output port.

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 Illustrative Program: Data Transfer

QUESTIONS TO BE ASKED
• Is there an instruction to load the register B? YES—
MVI B.
• Is there an instruction to send the data from register
B to the output port? NO. Review the instruction
OUT. This instruction sends data from the
accumulator to an output port.
• The solution appears to be as follows: Copy the
number from register B into accumulator A.
• Is there an instruction to copy data from one
register to another register? YES—MOV Rd,Rs.

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 Illustrative Program: Data Transfer

FLOWCHART
• Generally, a
flowchart is used
for two
purposes:
• to assist and clarify
the thinking
process
• and to
communicate the
programmer’s
thoughts or logic to
others.

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 Illustrative Program: Data Transfer

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 Illustrative Program: Data Transfer

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 Illustrative Program: Data Transfer

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 Exercises

Write instructions to read the data at input PORT

07H and at PORT 08H. Display the input data
from PORT 07H at output PORT OOH, and store
the input data from PORT 08H in register B.

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 Move Immediate Instructions

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 Move Immediate Instructions

The memory location, which is indirectly

addressed by the HL register pair, appears
as the letter M in all instructions.

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 Direct Data Transfer Instructions

Direct data transfer instructions are useful if only

one byte or word of data is transferred to or from
the memory.
If more than one byte or word is transferred, it is
more efficient to use indirectly addressed
instruction.

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 Direct Data Transfer Instructions

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 Direct Data Transfer Instructions

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 Direct Data Transfer Instructions

Copies the contents of

stores the contents of the
location 1000H into the L
L register at memory
register and the contents
location I200H and the H
of location 1001 H into
register at location 1201H
the H register

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 INDIRECT DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS

With register indirect addressing, a register pair

holds the address of the memory location
accessed by the instruction.
The contents of the register pair indirectly
addresses a memory location.
Whenever, the letter M appears instead of a
register, the HL register pair indirectly addresses a
memory location.

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 INDIRECT DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS

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 INDIRECT DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS

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 REGISTER DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS

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 REGISTER DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS

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 STACK DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS

The Intel 8085A microprocessor has a LIFO (last-

in, first-out) stack memory.
The stack memory stores both return addresses
from subroutines and data temporarily.
The microprocessor cannot locate the stack
memory when power is first applied to the system
because the number in the SP is unknown.
The location of the stack must be initialised after
the application of system power.

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 STACK DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS

The programmer decides what portion of the

read/write memory is to function as the stack, and
then loads the SP with the top location plus one
byte.
The byte location above the stack is never used,
but must be the initial value of the stack pointer.
The SP always points to the current exit point.
The stack is a LIFO stack.

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 STACK DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS

If data are pushed (placed) onto the stack, they

move into the memory locations addressed by SP-
1 and SP-2.
• Note that pairs of registers always move to the
stack.
• A PUSH instruction stores the high-order register
first (SP - 1), followed by the low-order register (SP
-2).

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 STACK DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS
• The SP then decrements by two so that the next
push occurs below the first.
• Notice that when the PUSH occurs, nothing is
placed at the location addressed by the stack
pointer.
• This is why the SP is initialised at one byte above
the top of the stack.

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 STACK DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS

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 STACK DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS

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 STACK DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS
It is also important to note that PUSHes and POPs
must occur in pairs:
• one PUSH, one POP,
• two PUSHes, two POPs, and so on.

Note: POP PSW will copy the data from location pointed by
SP into flag register and data from (SP+1) will copy into A. The
SP=SP+2.

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 MISCELLANEOUS DATA TRANSFER INSTRUQTIONS

Exchange DE with HL (XCHG)

• The XCHG instruction exchanges the contents of
the HL register pair with the contents of the DE
register pair.
Load SP from HL (SPHL)
• Is a one-byte instruction, copies the contents of the
HL register pair into the SP.

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 MISCELLANEOUS DATA TRANSFER INSTRUQTIONS

Exchange HL with Stack Data (XTHL)

• This instruction exchanges the contents of the HL
pair with the most recent data on the stack.
Input/Output Data Transfer Instructions
• IN : instruction inputs data from an I/O device into
the accumulator.
• OUT : sends accumulator data out to an I/O device.

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 SUMMARY

Data transfer instructions transfer information from

register to register, from register to memory, from
memory to register.
Data transfer instructions also allow data transfer
between registers and stack or the I/O devices in a
system.
The Intel 8085A uses four different addressing
modes: direct, register, register indirect, and
immediate.

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 SUMMARY

Direct addressing accesses a memory location to

transfer data between memory and the
accumulator or HL register pair. The address of
the data follow with the instruction in the memory.
Register addressing allows either a single 8-bit
register (B, C, D, E, H, L, or A) or a 16-bit register
pair (BC, DE, HL, and SP).
Register indirect addressing allows the instruction
to address memory through the address held in a
register pair.

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 SUMMARY

Immediate addressing is used whenever the data

(8 or 16 bits) are a constant. Immediate data
immediately follow the opcode in the program.
The M register or operand indirectly addresses
memory through the HL register pair.
The LDA and STA instructions load or store the
accumulator. The LHLD and SHLD instructions
load or store the HL register pair.

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 SUMMARY

Besides M for indirectly addressing the memory,

the DE and BC register pairs are also available.
The LDAX and STAX instructions allow the
accumulator to be indirectly stored or loaded from
the memory by using the BC or DE register pairs.

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 SUMMARY

Register data transfer instructions are the most

numerous form of data transfer: 63 instructions.
The stack memory is a LIFO (last-in, first-out)
memory that stores data and return addresses
from subroutines.
The SP register indirectly addresses the stack.
The stack functions with the stack data transfer
instructions PUSH, POP, and XTHL.

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 SUMMARY

The PSW is the processor status word that

contains both the accumulator and the flag byte.
The accumulator is the high-order register and the
flag bits are the low-order register.
IN and OUT effect data transfers between an
external I/O device and the accumulator.
I/O devices are often called I/O ports and are
addressed by an 8-bit I/O port address.

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 Exercises

Write a sequence of immediate instructions that

store a 16H into memory location 1200H and a
17H in memory location 1202H.
Write a sequence of instructions that use register
indirect addressing to transfer the contents of A
into location 2800H, B into 2801H, and C into
2802H.
Write a sequence of instructions that use register
indirect addressing to transfer the number stored
in memory location 1300H into memory location
2302H.

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 Thank you
Q&A

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