AGHFGvinen

Wireless Application Protocol
Overview
Jari Alvinen
Nokia
© 1999 NOKIA, ©1999 Wireless Application Forum, Ltd. WAPXML-99.ppt / 1 / 22-September 1999
Business challenge
• There must be one global wireless network

language and protocol stack
• Internet developers will only write to one global wireless Internet.
• carriers require multiple sources for compatible handsets.
• handset vendors require common standards for economies of scale.
Why is Internet not enough?
… or actually ... "too much" ...
• Big pipe - small pipe syndrome
<HTML>
<HEAD> HTTP/HTML <WML>
<CARD> WAP
<TITLE>NNN Interactive</TITLE> <DO TYPE="ACCEPT">
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh" CONTENT="1800, <GO URL="/submit?Name=$N"/>
URL=/index.html"> </DO>
</HEAD> Enter name:
Internet
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" KEY="N"/>
BACKGROUND="/images/9607/bgbar5.gif" LINK="#0A3990" </CARD>
ALINK="#FF0000" VLINK="#FF0000" TEXT="000000" </WML>
ONLOAD="if(parent.frames.length!
=0)top.location='http://nnn.com';">
<A NAME="#top"></A>
<TABLE WIDTH=599 BORDER="0">
<TR ALIGN=LEFT>
<TD WIDTH=117 VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT>
Content encoding
<HTML> 010011
<HEAD> 010011
<TITLE 110110
>NNN 010011
Intera 011011
ctive< 011101
/TITLE 010010
Wireless network
> 011010
<META
HTTP-
EQUIV=
"Refre
sh"
CONTEN
T="180
0,
URL=/i
ndex.h
tml">
Why is Internet not enough?
… or actually … "too much" ...
• Big screen - small screen syndrome
Why WAP?
• WAP is an open technology based on Internet technologies

• Allows competition - lower cost
• WAP is backed by major vendors
• Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola, Microsoft, IBM
• Future proof
• WAP Forum is open for all
• WAP is not “take it or leave it”
• Over one hundred companies have joined the WAP Forum
• WAP supports several wireless systems
• GSM, IS-136, CDMA, PDC etc.
• WAP has a layered architecture
• The same application can be used via several systems
WAP Forum members
CCL
What can be done with WAP?
• Information services
• Similar to web browsing
• Small downloadable programs
• WAP script language is based on JavaScript™
• Telephony functionality combined with browser
• Call the airline when your flight is delayed
• Push
• Server initated content push
What is defined in WAP?
• Layered telecommunication stack including
• Datagrams and Transactions
• Security
• Session
• Micro browser
• Concept that is similar to the Internet browsing
• XML based markup language ( WML )
• Scripting ( WMLS )
• WTA / WTAI
• Access to telephone functionality
• Content formats e.g.
• Service Indication
• Wireless Bitmap ( WBMP )
WAP Architecture
Client Web Server

WAP Gateway
WML
with WML-Script
WML Encoder CGI
WML Decks
WML- Scripts
WSP/WTP WMLScript HTTP etc.
Script
Compiler
WTAI
Protocol Adapters Content
Etc.
Internet and WAP architecture
Internet Wireless Application Protocol
HTML Wireless Application Other Services and

JavaScript™ Environment (WAE) Applications
Wireless Session Layer (WSP)

HTTP
Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP)
TLS - SSL Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)
TCP/IP Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP)

UDP/IP
Bearers:
SMS USSD CSD R-Data Packet UDP PDC-P Etc...
WAP & Standards
• Submit specifications for adoption by appropriate industry

and standards bodies
• Good relationships with standards bodies
• Several Liaisons with ETSI
• ETSI / WAP compliance profile for GSM and UMTS.
• CTIA official Liaison Officer to the WAP Forum
• WAP is actively working with the W3C and IETF
WAP Protocol Stack
Wireless Session Service Access Point
• Developed by
• Wireless Protocols Group Wireless Session Protocol
(WPG)
Wireless Transaction Service Access Point
• A WAP technical working
group.
Wireless Transaction Protocol
Transport Service Access Point (TSAP)
Wireless Datagram Protocol

WCMP
Bearer Bearer
Bearer Service Service
Bearer Service C D
Service B
A
Physical Layer Air Link Technology
WAP Protocol Stack - WSP
• Provides shared state between client and server used to

optimize content transfer
• Provides semantics and mechanisms based on HTTP 1.1
• Enhancements for WAE, wireless networks and “low-end”
devices
• Enhancements beyond HTTP
• Binary header encoding
• Confirmed and non-confirmed data push
• Capability negotiation
• Suspend and resume
• Connectionless service
• Binary header encoding

• Compact binary encoding of headers, content type identifiers and
other well-known textual or structured values
• Reduces the data actually sent over the network
• Capabilities
• Message Size, client and server
• Protocol Options: Confirmed Push Facility, Push Facility, Session
Suspend Facility, Acknowledgement headers
• Maximum Outstanding Requests
• Extended Methods
• Header Code Pages
• Suspend & Resume
• Allows the release of underlying bearer resources
• Connection & Connectionless service

• Connection-mode
• Long-lived communication
• Benefits of the session state
• Reliability
• Connectionless
• Stateless applications
• No session creation overhead
• No reliability overhead
WAP Protocol Stack - WTP
• Reliable data transfer based on request/reply paradigm

• No explicit connection setup or tear down
• Data carried in first packet of protocol exchange
• Seeks to reduce 3-way handshake on initial request
• Supports
• retransmission of lost packets
• selective-retransmission
• segmentation / re-assembly
• port number addressing (UDP ports numbers)
• flow control
• abort function for outstanding requests
• concatenation of PDUs
• Message oriented (not stream)
WAP Protocol Stack - WTP
• WTP Protocol Exchange
Client
Client (PDUs) Server
Server
T-TRInvoke.req
Invoke T-TRInvoke.ind
Ack
T-TRInvoke.cnf T-
Result TRInvoke.res
T-TRResult.req
T-TRResult.ind
T-TRResult.res Ack T-TRResult.cnf
WAP Protocol Stack - WDP
• WDP provides a connection-less, unreliable datagram

service
• WDP is adapted to each particular wireless network to
provide the generic datagram transport.
• The basic datagram service is fundamental to all wireless
networks and makes it possible to utilize WAP everywhere
• Replaced by UDP when used over an IP network layer.
• WDP over IP is UDP/IP
• Uses the Service Primitive
• T-UnitData.req .ind
WAP Protocol Stack - Bearer support
• GSM SMS, USSD, C-S Data, GPRS

• IS-136 R-Data, C-S Data, Packet
• CDMA SMS, C-S Data
• PDC C-S Data, Packet
• PHS C-S Data
• CDPD
• iDEN SMS, C-S Data, Packet
• FLEX and ReFLEX
• DataTAC
WAP Protocol Stack - Bearer Example
• WAP over GSM Circuit Switched

WAP
Mobile
Proxy/Server
WAE WAE Apps on

Other Servers
WSP WSP
IWF ISP/RAS
WTP WTP
UDP UDP
IP IP IP
PPP PPP
CSD-RF CSD- PSTN PSTN Subnetwork Subnetwork

RF Circuit Circuit
RAS - Remote Access Server

IWF - InterWorking Function
WAP Protocol Stack - Bearer Example
• WAP over GSM Short Message Service

WAP
Mobile Proxy/Server
WAE WAE Apps on
other servers
WSP WSP
WTP SMSC WTP
WDP WDP
SMS SMS WDP Tunnel WDP Tunnel

Protocol Protocol
Subnetwork Subnetwork
under development
WAP Protocol Stack - WTLS
• Specifies a framework for secure connections, using protocol
elements from common Internet security protocols like SSL and
TLS.
• Provides connection security for two communicating applications
• Privacy (encryption)
• Data integrity (MACs)
• Authentication (public-key and symmetric)
• Lightweight and efficient protocol with respect to bandwidth,
memory and processing power
• Employs special adapted mechanisms for wireless usage
• Long lived secure sessions
• Optimised handshake procedures
• Provides simple data reliability for operation over datagram bearers
Wireless Application Environment ( WAE )
• WAP Application framework

• Network-neutral application environment;
• Suitable for narrowband wireless devices;
• Follows the Internet/WWW programming model;
• Ensures high degree of interoperability.
• Leverages Internet standard technology
• Device Independent
• Network Independent
• International Support
• Developed by
• Wireless Applications Group (WAG);
• A WAP technical working group.
WAE "Components"
• WML
• Display language
• WMLScript
• Scripting language
• WTA
• Telephony services API and architecture
• Content Formats
• Data exchange
• User Agent Profiling
• Content customized for device
• Push
• Server-initiated content delivery
WAE - WAP Gateway
Client Web Server

WAP Gateway
WML
with WML-Script
WML Encoder CGI
WML Decks
WML- Scripts
WSP/WTP WMLScript
HTTP etc.
Script
Compiler
WTAI
Protocol Adapters Content
Etc.
WAE - WAP Application Server
Client WAP Application Server

WML
with WML-Script
WML Encoder
Application
WML Decks
WML- WMLScript Logic
WSP/WTP
Script Compiler
WTAI Protocol Adapters Content
Etc.
WAE - WML
• Wireless Markup Language (WML) is a Tag-based browsing

language:
• Screen management (text, images)
• Data input (text, selection lists, etc.)
• Hyperlinks & navigation support
• W3C XML-based language
WAE - WML
• Card metaphor
• User interactions are split into cards
• Navigation occurs between cards
• Explicit inter-card navigation model
• Hyperlinks
• UI Event handling
• History
• State management and variables
• Reduce network traffic
• Results in better caching
WAE - WML
<WML>
<CARD>
<DO TYPE=“ACCEPT”>
Navigation <GO URL=“#eCard”/>
Card
</DO
Welcome!
</CARD>
<CARD NAME=“eCard”>
Variables <GO URL=“/submit?N=$(N)&S=$ Deck
(S)”/>
</DO>
Enter name: <INPUT KEY=“N”/>
Choose speed:
Input <SELECT KEY=“S”>
Elements <OPTION VALUE=“0”>Fast</OPTION>
<OPTION VALUE=“1”>Slow</OPTION>
<SELECT>
</CARD>
</WML>
WAE - WML Script
• Scripting language:
• Procedural logic, loops, conditionals, etc.
• Optimized for small-memory, small-cpu devices
• Derived from JavaScript™
• Integrated with WML
• Powerful extension mechanism
• Reduces overall network traffic
• Bytecode-based virtual machine
• Stack-oriented design
• Designed for simple, low-impact implementation
• Compiler in network
• Better network bandwidth use
• Better use of terminal memory/cpu.
WAE - WML Script
• Reduces network round-trips and enhance functionality.

• Example usages
• Field validation
• Check for formatting, input ranges, etc.
• Device extensions
• Access device or vendor-specific API
• Conditional logic
• Download intelligence into the device
WAE - WML Script
WMLScript is very similar to JavaScript

function currencyConvertor(currency, exchRate)
Functions {
return currency*exchangeRate;
}
Variables function myDay(sunShines) {
var myDay;
if (sunShines) {
Programming myDay = “Good”;
Constructs } else {
myDay = “Not so good”;
};
return myDay;
}
WAE - WTA
• WTA Browser
• Extensions added to standard WML/WMLScript browser
• Exposes additional API (WTAI)
• WTAI includes:
• Call control
• Network text messaging
• Phone book interface
• Indicator control
• Event processing
• WTAI available in WML & WMLScript
WAE - WTA
• Placing an outgoing call with WTAI
<WML>
<CARD>
WTAI Call <GO URL=“wtai:cc/mc;$(N)”/>
</DO>
Input Element Enter phone number:
<INPUT TYPE=“TEXT” KEY=“N”/>
</CARD>
</WML>
WAE - WTA
• Placing an outgoing call with WTAI
function checkNumber(N) {
if (Lang.isInt(N))
WTAI Call WTAI.makeCall(N);
else
Dialog.alert(“Bad phone number”);
}
WAE - Content Formats
• Common interchange formats

• Promoting interoperability
• Formats:
• Business cards: IMC vCard standard
• Calendar: IMC vCalendar standard
• Images: WBMP (Wireless BitMaP)
• Compiled WML, WMLScript
• Service Indication ( Proposed )
• Service Loading ( Proposed )
• Cache Operation ( Proposed )
WAE - Content Formats
• Binary format for size reduction

• Bytecodes/tokens for common values and operators
• Compressed headers
• Data compression (e.g. images)
• Example use of image
<WML>
<CARD>
Hello World!<BR/>
<IMG SRC=“/world.wbmp”
Image Element
ALT=“[Globe]” />
</CARD>
</WML>
WAE - Push
• Server initiated content push

• Provides end-to-end solution
• Easy for developers
• XML based Push Access Protocol layered on top of HTTP
• Helpful push specific content types
• Service Indication
• Service Loading
• Underlying wireless network complexity hidden
• Push Specifications are currently on Proposed status
WAE - Push Framework
PUSH PROXY PUSH

CLIENT
GATEWAY INITIATOR
OVER-THE-AIR PUSH ACCESS
PROTOCOL PROTOCOL
PPG SERVICES
PUSH MESSAGE
WAE - User Agent Profile (UAPROF)
• Assist in content personalization, based upon:

• Device characteristics, user preferences
• Other profile information
• Working with W3C on CC/PP
• RDF-based content format
• Describes “capability and profile” info
• Efficient transport over wireless links, caching, etc.
• UAProf specification is currently on Proposed status
Questions ?
Thank you!
More information:
www.wapforum.org

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Wireless Application Protocol

• There must be one global wireless network

• WAP is an open technology based on Internet technologies

Client Web Server

HTML Wireless Application Other Services and

Wireless Session Layer (WSP)

TLS - SSL Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)

TCP/IP Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP)

• Submit specifications for adoption by appropriate industry

Transport Service Access Point (TSAP)

Wireless Datagram Protocol

• Provides shared state between client and server used to

• Binary header encoding

• Connection & Connectionless service

• Reliable data transfer based on request/reply paradigm

• WTP Protocol Exchange

• WDP provides a connection-less, unreliable datagram

• GSM SMS, USSD, C-S Data, GPRS

• WAP over GSM Circuit Switched

WAE WAE Apps on

CSD-RF CSD- PSTN PSTN Subnetwork Subnetwork

RAS - Remote Access Server

• WAP over GSM Short Message Service

WTP SMSC WTP

SMS SMS WDP Tunnel WDP Tunnel

• WAP Application framework

Client Web Server

Client WAP Application Server

• Wireless Markup Language (WML) is a Tag-based browsing

• Reduces network round-trips and enhance functionality.

WMLScript is very similar to JavaScript

• Placing an outgoing call with WTAI

• Placing an outgoing call with WTAI

• Common interchange formats

• Binary format for size reduction

• Server initiated content push

PUSH PROXY PUSH

OVER-THE-AIR PUSH ACCESS

• Assist in content personalization, based upon:

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