STATIC ROUTES

General Role of the Router

 Functions of a Router
Best Path Selections
Forwarding packets to destination
Interfaces
 Configuring an Ethernet interface
-By default all serial and Ethernet interfaces are down
-To enable an interface use the No Shutdown command
 To configure an ethernet interface
Example:
-R2(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
-R2(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
-R2(config-if)#no shutdown

 To configure a serial interface

Example:
-R2(config)#interface serial0/0
-R2(config-if)#ip address 172.17.1.1 255.255.255.0
-R2(config-if)#clock rate 64000 //IF DCE
-R2(config-if)#no shutdown
Administrative Distance of a Route
 Directly connected routes
-Immediately appear in the routing table as soon as the
interface is configured
 Interfaces
 Verifying interface information
-Show interfaces xxx– command used to show
status of a particular interface
-Show ip interface brief
-Show running-config
 Static Routes
 IP route command
To configure a static route use the following command: ip route
Example:
-Router(config)# ip route network-address subnet-
mask {ip-address | exit-interface }
Static Routes
 Zinin’s 3 routing principles
Principle 1: "Every router makes its decision alone, based on
the information it has in its own routing table.“
Principle 2: "The fact that one router has certain information in
its routing table does not mean that other routers have the
same information.“
Principle 3: "Routing information about a path from one
network to another does not provide routing information about
the reverse, or return path."
Static Routes
 Modifying Static routes
Existing static routes cannot be modified. The old static route
must be deleted by placing no in front of the ip route
Example:
-no ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
A new static route must be rewritten in the configuration
Static Routes
 Verifying the Static Route Configuration
-Use the following commands
Step 1 show running-config
Step 2 verify static route has been entered correctly
Step 3 show ip route
Step 4 verify route was configured in routing table
Step 5 issue ping command to verify packets can reach
destination and that Return path is working
Static Routes
 Configuring routes to 2 or more remote networks
Use the following commands for R1
-R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
172.16.2.2
-R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0
172.16.2.2
Default Route
 Default Static Route
This is a route that will match all packets. Stub routers that
have a number of static routes all exiting the same interface are
good candidates for a default route.
-Like route summarization this will help reduce the
size of the routing table

 Configuring a default static route

Similar to configuring a static route. Except that destination IP
address and subnet mask are all zeros
Example:
-Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [exit-
interface | ip-address ]
Summary and Default Route
 Static routes and subnet masks
The routing table lookup process will use the most specific
match when comparing destination IP address and subnet
mask

 Default static routes and subnet masks

Since the subnet mask used on a default static route is 0.0.0.0
all packets will match.

http://cisco.edu.mn/CCNA_R&S_2_(Routing%20and
%20Switching
%20Essentials)/course/module6/index.html#6.4.1.1
Static Routes and Packet Forwarding
 Troubleshooting a Missing Route
 Tools that can be used to isolate routing problems
include:
-Ping– tests end to end connectivity
-Traceroute– used to discover all of the hops (routers) along the
path between 2 points
-Show IP route– used to display routing table & ascertain
forwarding process
-Show ip interface brief- used to show status of router
interfaces
-Show cdp neighbors detail– used to gather configuration
information about directly connected neighbors
Dynamic Routes
Dynamic Routing Protocols
 Function(s) of Dynamic Routing Protocols:
-Dynamically share information between routers.
-Automatically update routing table when topology changes.
-Determine best path to a destination.
Dynamic Routing Protocols
 The purpose of a dynamic routing protocol is to:
-Discover remote networks
-Maintaining up-to-date routing information
-Choosing the best path to destination networks
-Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer
available
Dynamic Routing Protocols
 Components of a routing protocol
Algorithm
In the case of a routing protocol algorithms are
used for facilitating routing information and best path
determination
Routing protocol messages
These are messages for discovering neighbors and
exchange of routing information
Dynamic Routing Protocols
 Advantages of static routing
-It can backup multiple interfaces/networks on a router
-Easy to configure
-No extra resources are needed
-More secure

 Disadvantages of static routing

-Network changes require manual reconfiguration
-Does not scale well in large topologies
Classifying Routing Protocols
 Dynamic routing protocols are grouped according to
characteristics. Examples include:
-RIP
-IGRP
-EIGRP
-OSPF
-IS-IS
-BGP

 Autonomous System is a group of routers under the control of

a single authority.
Classifying Routing Protocols
 Types of routing protocols:
-Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)
-Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)
 Classifying Routing Protocols
 IGP: Comparison of Distance Vector & Link State
Routing Protocols
Distance vector
routes are advertised as vectors
of distance & direction.
incomplete view of network
topology.
Generally, periodic
updates.
Link state
complete view of network
topology is created.
updates are not
periodic.
Classifying Routing Protocols

 Classful routing
protocols
Do NOT send subnet mask
in routing updates

 Classless routing
protocols
Do send subnet mask in
routing updates.
Classifying Routing Protocols
 Convergence is defined as when all routers’ routing
tables are at a state of consistency
Routing Protocols Metrics
 Metric
A value used by a routing protocol to determine which
routes are better than others.
Routing Protocols Metrics
 Metrics used in IP routing protocols
-Bandwidth
-Cost
-Delay
-Hop count
-Load
-Reliability
 Routing Protocols Metrics
 The Metric Field in the
Routing Table
 Metric used for each
routing protocol
-RIP - hop count
-IGRP & EIGRP -
Bandwidth (used by
default), Delay (used by
default), Load, Reliability
-IS-IS & OSPF – Cost,
Bandwidth (Cisco’s
implementation)
Routing Protocols Metrics
 Load balancing
This is the ability of a router to distribute packets among
multiple same cost paths
Administrative Distance of a Route
 Purpose of a metric
It’s a calculated value used to determine the best path to a
destination

 Purpose of Administrative Distance

It’s a numeric value that specifies the preference of a particular
route
Administrative Distance of a Route
 Identifying the Administrative Distance (AD) in a
routing table
It is the first number in the brackets in the routing table
Administrative Distance of a Route
Administrative Distance of a Route
 Directly connected routes
Have a default AD of 0

 Static Routes
Administrative distance of a static route has a default value of
1