CHAPTER THREE

Modelling and Analysis

INTRODUCTION Stator windings short circuit is one of the most •
common fanlts in electric machines (Grubie et 2008). The winding
insulation damage can be produced by exces- sive heating, transient
overvoltages, winding movement or contamination. Such fanlt
produces high currents and winding overheating resulting in severe
phase-to-phase. turn-to-turn or turn-to-ground faults. All this may
lead to an irreversible damage in the windings or in the stator core.
For such reasons, rapid detection of incipient faults between turns
.during motor operation is very important
 Since stator short circuit fault can cause a permanent •
damage of the machine, testing of different fault detection
and diagnosis strategies is a difficeult task. This has lead to
the development of different models which help eval- uating
fault detection strategies. Some models proposed in the
literature are based on the winding-function theory
(Joksimovic and Penman, 2000). This approach also al- lows
a detailed analysis of the effects of intern-turn short circuits
over the motor currents, but its complexity makes them
umisable for on-line condition monitoring. A simpler model
is proposed in (Tallam et al., 2002), which includes inter-turn
.short-circuits in the phase a winding, as shown in Fig. 1
IL BOND GRAPH PRIMER To analyze the dynamics of the system •
under investigation, the governing differential equations are
required to be formulated. Such differential equations require
identifying and defining essential characteristics and/or
parameters which have an influence on the system
performance. The BG modeling is such a platform in which the
dynamics of the system is simulated with such characteristics
and differential equations. The higher order differential
equations are reduced to first order and solved numerical using
various solver ranging from Euler to Van Adams
 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF IM The IM consist of two major parts •
Stator and Rotor, which involves the power flow from electrical domain
to magnetic domain and magnetic domain to electrical and then to
.mechanical domain. The BG model for both the parts is listed below

A. BG model of stator The three phase stator winding of IM is connected in apart to each other. The applied voltage to
,three phase is given below
The IM having the specifications 4 pole, IkW and 74% of efficiency is •
taken for the simulation. The stator has 24 slots through which the
coil is wounded. The voltage share by the component of stator is
,given as
As stated by Faradays law, "when a time varying current is flowing •
through the coil, a time varying flux will be produced which is
,proportional to the current flowing through it given as
 Thus the flux will induced across the stator. As the balanced voltage is •
applied, balanced current flows through the stator winding and due to
time varying current the flux flowing from maximum to minimum
which represents North and South pole changes the position
instantaneously which represents the rotating magnetic field. It is
,given by
 The submodell programming which represents the rotating magnetic. •
The electrical to magnetic mapping can be done with the help of self
and mutual inductance [4]- B. BG model of rotor The rotating
magnetic field produced in air gap. According to the Faraday's law, "If
a conductor is placed in rotating magnetic field with velocity v, voltage
is induced across the conductor" which is given by, (9) According to
the eq.9 voltage is induced across the rotor corresponding current
would flow through the rotor bars. According to the Lorentz law
which states, "When a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, it is subjected to a force which called as
electromagnetic force or Lorentz force. It is given by, (10)
 The input to the stator is gives by eq.1, eq.2 and eq.3, which are represented as
by sine wave in fig.2. These three sine wave shows the three phase input to the
stator of IM. As the sine wave is signal it has given to MSe (Modulated source of
effort) which transforms signal to bond and is given to stator resistance and
inductance. The flowing three phase balanced current is given to submodel1.
According to the programming of submodell output provided by it would be
rotating magnetic field. The submodell provides the output in the signal form
which is given to MSf (Modulated source of flow). The provided flow is given to
junction 0. The junction 0 depicts that the components are sharing same effort
which is distributed in resistance and inductance of rotor bar which are in parallel
physically. The voltage induced across rotor bar is calculated with the help of
junction 1. The junction 1 depicts that components are sharing same flow. The
output of junction 1 is flow which is given to junction 0 and enters into the
mechanical domain. In mechanical domain force is effort and velocity is flow.
Thus the speed of IM is calculated. The velocity as flow is given to junction: 1
which provide corresponding torque. To provide the load to the IM, model
.consists of applied torque
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS The IM having 50 Hz frequency, 4 pole and 1 •
kW of power rating is given three phase applied voltage Va Vp and as
.shown in eq. 1, eq.2 and eq.3 respectively
 corresponding which is calculated as I As the inductance m are
taken then the corresponding as shown in fig.4. and resistance R
current value is
 As the stator winding has its own resistance and
inductance, current flows through it produces the flux
.in air gap which is 0.29 Weber as shown in fig 5 below
 As the frequency is the resulting magnetic field
makes one turn in 50 second that is 3000 revolutions
per minute. Since it has 50 cycles in one minute, so
.in 0,1 second cycle would 5 as shown in fig. 6
At the starting edge the rotor speed is 0 rpm but with respect
to voltage induced across the rolor the current produced
correspondingly and due to large current force imposed on
rotor and it starts rotating. The starting speed of IM 1440
is decreases The speed of IM at applied
.torque to 1100 rpm as shown in fig.8
 V. CONCLUSION The BG model of IM has been developed which depicts all the
physical processes from electrical input to mechanical output one by one. All the
basic elements of BG model are used to model the IM. Some important
achievements are as under One to one correspondence between the elements
of BG and real system components is established. • The rotating magnetic field
flux is calculated using programming in 20Sim software. The Simulation results
of rotating magnetic field flux, frequency of the field, current cross the rotor and
the speed of IM at load and without load is calculated. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I
would like to express my warm and sincere thank to Prof. S. A. Kulkami, for his
invaluable guidance along with the care extended throughout the project work.
I thank to SCOE, Pune for providing facilities and resources. NOMENCLATURE =
Applied voltage at phase -1. - Applied voltage at phase -2. = Applied voltage at
phase -3. = Stator input current. = Stator Resistance. = Stator Inductance. = Flux
induce * Synchronous speed of rotating magnetic field. = Allied load torque f-
Frequency. P= Pole. E- Induced space varying voltage B= Magnetic flux density |
= Length of rotor bar v = Velocity - Rotor current