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Physics

Physics 122B
122B
Electricity
Electricity and
and Magnetism
Magnetism
Lecture 16 (Knight: 31.9,10 & 32.1)
Grounding, RC Circuits, Magnetism
May 7, 2007

Martin Savage
Lecture 17 Announcements
 Lecture HW Assignment #5 has been
posted on Tycho and is due at 10 PM on
Wednesday.
 Check Tycho for your exam scores. If
there are missing parts, you may not have
put your name on your paper. See Helen
Gribble, C136 PAB, to fix such problems.

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 2


Example:
Analyzing
Analyzing aa Complex
Complex Circuit
Circuit (2)
(2)

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 3


Maximum Power Transfer
Question: For a battery with EMF E and
internal resistance r, what value should an I
adjustable external load resistance R have
to make the power dissipated in R as large
as possible?
r
E  E
2
 E 2
R
I PR  I 2 R   R  R
rR 
  r  R
2
 r R 
E
dPR E 2
E R 2
rR
  2  E 2
0
dR  r  R  2
 r  R
3
 r  R
3

PR is a maximum when r-R = 0 or r=R. In other words, energy


can be drawn from the battery at the greatest rate when the external
load resistance matches the internal resistance of the battery. This is
called load matching. It is very important in transferring energy and
signals with minimum loss. But note that only ½ of the energy gets to R.
07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 4
Grounding and GFI
Modern power wiring includes a “ground” line, the
round 3rd wire of an electrical plug. The ground point
defines a point of zero potential, which is normally
connected directly to the Earth (Vearth=0). The
operation of any circuit depends only on potential
differences, so it should not be affected by the
presence or absence of a ground connection.
Because the ground connection is connected at
only one point, no current should flow through the
ground connection. However, if some other part of a
circuit is accidentally grounded, current is likely to
flow through the ground line.
GFI (ground fault interruption) circuits, widely
used, e.g., in bathroom wiring, detect current flow in
the ground line and interrupt power automatically
when it occurs. This has prevented many accidental
electrocutions.
07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 5
Light Fixture

V=0

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 6


Example:
A Grounded Circuit
The circuit shown is grounded at
the junction between the two
resistors rather than at the bottom.
Find the potential at each corner
of the circuit.

E 10 V
I   0.5 A
R 8   12 

V1  (8 )(0.5 A)  4 V

V2  (12 )(0.5 A)  6 V

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 7


RC Circuits

I = - dQ/dt
Qf t
Q Q dQ dQ 1 dQ 1
VC  VR   IR   R
C C dt
0
Q

RC
dt 
Qi
Q
 
RC 0
dt

Qf t Qf  t 
ln   exp   Q f  Qi e  t / RC
Qi RC Qi  RC 
Exponential decay!
07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 8
RC Exponential Decay
 t / RC t / t
Q(t )  Q0 e  Q0e I (t ) 
dQ(t ) Q0
 e

RC
dt RC
Define RC time constant:   RC
 I 0 e  t / RC  I 0 e  t /
1/ e  1/ 2.71828  0.367879
I0 Q0/RC

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 9


Charging Capacitors:
Early
Early and
and Late
Late
Initially, when a switch closes there is a potential difference of 0 V
across an uncharged capacitor. After a long time, the capacitor reaches
its maximum charge and there is no current flow through the capacitor.
Therefore, at t=0 the capacitor behaves like a short circuit (R=0), and at
t=∞ the capacitor behaves like at open circuit (R=∞).

Example:
100 V 100 V

12.5 A

100 V
2.5 A 10 A 0 V

Circuit at t=0 at t=∞


Calculate initial currents. Calculate final potentials.
 = 100 V/8  = 12.5 A
07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 10
Example: Exponential
Decay in
in aa RC
RC Circuit
Circuit
The switch has been in position
``a’’ for a long time. It is changed
to position ``b’’ at t=0.
What are the charge is the
capacitor and the current through the
resistor at t=5.0 s?

  RC  (10 )(1.0  10-6 F)  10 s

Q0  C VC  (1.0  10-6 F)(9.0 V)  9.0 10-6 C

Q(5 s)  Q0e t / RC  (9.0 10-6 C) exp(.5)  5.5 C

Q0 (9.0 10-6 C)
I0    0.90 A I (5 s)  I 0e  t / RC  (0.90 A) exp( .5)  0.55 A
RC (10  s)
07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 11
Charging a Capacitor
dQ 1
Using the Loop Law: E  R  Q0
dt C
t
 dQ b  RCt
Try: Q  a  be RC
, so  e
dt RC

b  RCt a b  RCt
E  e   e  a  EC
C C C

dQ E b
At t  0, I     b  E C
dt R RC

 
t
  
t

Therefore, Q  E C 1  e RC   Qmax 1  e RC 
   

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 12


Question

The time constant for the discharge of the capacitor is:

(a) 5 s; (b) 4 s; (c) 2 s; (d) 1 s; (e) the capacitor does not discharge
because the resistors cancel.

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 13


Plumber’s RC Analogy*
Valve Constriction

P1 P2

Pump Rubber
Diaphragm

The “plumber’s analogy” of an RC circuit is a P3


pump (=battery) pumping water in a closed
loop of pipe that includes a valve (=switch), a Pump = Battery
constriction (=resistor), and a rubber Valve = Switch
diaphragm. When the valve starts the flow, Constriction = Resistor
Capacitor= Rubber Diaphragm
the diaphragm stretches until the pressure
Pressure = Potential
difference across the pump (P1-P3) equals Water Flow = Current
that across the diaphragm (P2-P3).
07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 14
Chapter 31 Summary (1)

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 15


Chapter 31 Summary (2)

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 16


Chapter 31 Summary (3)

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 17


Experiments with Magnetism:
Experiment 1

Tape a bar magnet to a cork


and allow it to float in a dish of
water.

The magnet turns and aligns


itself with the north-south
direction.

The end of the magnet that


points north is called the
magnet’s north-seeking pole, or
simply its north pole. The
other end is the south pole.

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 18


Experiments with Magnetism:
Experiment 2

Bring the north poles of two bar magnets near to each other. Then
bring the north pole of one bar magnet near the south pole of another
bar magnet.

When the two north poles are brought near, a repulsive force
between them is observed. When the a north and a south pole are
brought near, an attractive force between them is observed.

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 19


Experiments with Magnetism:
Experiment 3

Bring the north pole of a bar magnet near a compass needle.

When the north pole is brought near, the north-seeking pole of the
compass needle points away from the magnet’s north pole. Apparently
the compass needle is itself a little bar magnet.

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 20


Experiments with Magnetism:
Experiment 4

Use a hacksaw to cut a bar magnet in half. Can you isolate the north
pole and the south pole on separate pieces?

No. When the bar is cut in half two new (but weaker) bar magnets
are formed, each with a north pole and a south pole. The same result
would be found, even if the magnet was sub-divided down to the
microscopic level.

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 21


Experiments with Magnetism:
Experiment 5
Bring a bar magnet near an assortment of objects.

Some of the objects, e.g. paper clips, will be attracted to


the magnet. Other objects, e.g., glass beads, aluminum foil,
copper tacks, will be unaffected. The objects that are
attracted to the magnet are equally attracted by the north
and south poles of the bar magnet

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 22


Experiments with Magnetism:
Experiment 6
Bring a magnet near the
electrode of an electroscope.

There is no observed effect,


whether the electroscope is
charged or discharged and
whether the north or the south
pole of the magnet is used.

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 23


Conclusions from Experiments
1. Magnetism is not the same as electricity. Magnetic poles
are similar to charges but have important differences.
2. Magnetism is a long range force. The compass needle
responds to the bar magnet from some distance away.
3. Magnets have two poles, “north” (N) and “south” (S). Like
poles repel and opposite poles attract.
4. Poles of a magnet can be identified with a compass. A north
magnet pole (N) attracts the south-seeking end of the
compass needle (which is a south pole).
5. Some materials (e.g., iron) stick to magnets and others do
not. The materials that are attracted are called magnetic
materials. Magnetic materials are attracted by either pole
of a magnet. This is similar in some ways to the attraction
of neutral objects by an electrically charged rod by induced
polarization.
07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 24
Monopoles and Dipoles
Every magnet that has ever
been observed is a magnetic
dipole, containing separated
north and south poles. Attempts
to isolate one pole from the
other fail.

It is theoretically possible to have magnetic monopoles, i.e., isolated


magnetic poles with a “north” or “south” magnetic charge. Search have
been conducted, but no such object has ever been found in nature. For
the purposes of this course, we will assume that isolated magnetic
monopoles do not exist, but we will point out the places in the formalism
where they would go if they did exist.

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 25


Lecture 17 Announcements
 Lecture HW Assignment #5 has been
posted on Tycho and is due at 10 PM on
Wednesday.
 Check Tycho for your exam scores. If
there are missing parts, you may not have
put your name on your paper. See Helen
Gribble, C136 PAB, to fix such problems.

07/22/20 Physics 122B - Lecture 17 26

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