Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Reproduction
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction:
requires only 1 parent and the offspring are an
exact copy of the parent---a clone
Asexual Reproduction:
• Organisms that reproduce asexually cannot
develop much variety, because they are
“copying” the original organism exactly.
• This does not allow for evolution of the
species. Each organism is the exact same as
its parent.
• This process take a relatively short period
of time. And can produce 1-100s of
offspring.
Methods of asexual reproduction:
Binary fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Parthenogenesis
Binary fission
Single-celled organisms
(Amoeba, paramecium,
euglena) which use asexual
reproduction can do so
simply by dividing into two
equal halves.
This is called binary fission.
• When conditions are good, such as plenty
of water, food, right temperatures, etc.,
binary fission is a very effective way of
producing many, many offspring.
• For example, the cell of a Paramecium
can divide, grow, and divide again in the
space of 8 hours.
Budding- an offspring grows out
of the body of the parent.
offspring
Hydra Budding
Cactus Budding
Budding cont.
Green plants are quite sophisticated in
their methods of asexual reproduction.
Offspring may be produced by runners,
bulbs, rhizomes or tubers.
Regeneration
In this form, the body of the parent breaks
into distinct pieces, each of which can
produce an offspring.
Pieces of coral broken off in storms A new starfish can grow from
can grow into new colonies. one detached arm.
Fragmentation
In this form, the organism fragments into
smaller pieces and each piece forms a new
organism identical to its parent.
The growth of
a new plant
from a stem,
leaf, or root
(something
other than a
seed).
Vegetative Propagation
• cuttings (or
slip)
• layering
• grafting
Cuttings (or slip)
A piece of a
stem, leaf, or
root which is
capable of
growing into a
new plant.
Cuttings (or slip)
Cuttings are possible because
certain types of plants are able to
sprout special types of roots at the
cut end of their stems.
Adventitious roots
When a yellow-flowering hedge
shrub is trimmed, a new shrub
may be started by simply sticking
a trimmed stem into the ground.
Layering
A branch is exposed to the soil,
allowed to form roots, and then
separated from the parent plant.
Vineyards use this method to
quickly reproduce a desirable
variety of grapes.
Layering
Layering
Grafting
The process of transplanting
living tissue from one plant to
another.
Used to propagate
seedless plants:
grapes,
navel oranges
This tree was Grafting
developed by
the West family
in New South
Wales, Australia
and the process
involves grafting
branches
from compatible fruit trees onto one.
The result is 4 different trees each
with there own variety of fruit.
For example there Grafting
is a stone fruit tree
with apricots,
peaches, plums,
nectarines and
peachcots; a citrus
tree with oranges,
mandarins,
lemons, limes,
tangellos, grapefruit; a multiple
apple tree, and a pear tree.
Types of Vegetative Propagation
that are natural
• underground stolons (mints)
• rhizomes (cattails)
• corms (gladiolus)
• bulbs (onion)
• tubers (Irish potatoes)
• runners (strawberries)
Underground Stolons
Underground Stolons
Rhizomes
Rhizomes
Bulbs
Bulbs
Tubers
Tubers
Runners
Runners
Parthenogenesis
Pollination
External Fertilization
Internal Fertilization
Pollen is produced in
the male organs of the Sexual Reproduction
flowers - anthers. in Flowering Plants
Pollination occurs
when pollen is
transferred from the
anthers to the female
organs by wind or by
animals. If the female
stigma is receptive to a
pollen grain, the pollen
produces a pollen tube,
which grows through
the female tissue to the
egg, where
fertilization takes
place by the sperm
nucleus.
External Fertilization
• External fertilization usually requires a
medium such as water, which the sperms
can use to swim towards the egg cell.
External fertilization usually occur in fish
and amphibians.
• The females lay the eggs in the water and
the male squirts the sperm
in the same area.
Internal Fertilization
• Fertilization occurs within the female.
• Internal fertilization occurs in mammals,
insects, birds, reptiles.
– Mammals (gorillas, lions, elephants, rats,
zebras, and dolphins have live births)
– Insects, birds, reptiles lay eggs
Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction results in offspring
that are genetically identical to the parent
organism.
• Sexual reproduction results in offspring that
are genetically different from the parent
organisms.
Flower
• Sexual reproductive structure
Pistil Stamen
*Stigma –top of the pistil, *Anther – produces sperm
Sticky surface for pollen to nuclei by meiosis. Sperm
stick to nuclei are enclosed by
*Style – connects the stigma to pollen grains.
the ovary *Filament – holds the anther
*Ovary –contains ovules up
( eggs)
Pollination
• Transfer of mature pollen grains from the
anther to the stigma
-wind
-insects
-birds & other animals
• When a pollen grain lands on the stigma, it
germinates and a pollen tube grows down
through the style to an ovule (egg)
Fertilization
• The sperm travels through the pollen tube to the
ovule. The sperm & egg fuse forming the zygote
(fertilized egg) –this grows into the plant embryo
(cells grow by mitosis)
*Self pollination –pollen from same flower