ISA

INTRODUCTION TO THE TEST OF

PROTECTION RELAYS
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TEST PROGRAMS:
 MANY AUTOMATED TEST PROGRAMS;
 MANUAL TEST PROGRAM;
 SEQUENCER;
 ADVANCED EDITOR.
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AUTOMATED TEST PROGRAMS:

 RELAY SETTINGS;
 TYPE OF TESTS TO BE PERFORMED;
 SETTING PARAMETERS ARE CONVERTED
INTO V, I, ANGLES..
 TEST RESULTS.
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MANUAL TEST PROGRAM:

 V, I, ANGLES TEST VALUES;
 COMPUTE TEST VALUES;
 DECIDE THE TYPE OF TEST;
 UNDERSTAND TEST RESULTS.
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HOW TO PERFORM THE TEST:

 SETTING VALUES TABLE OR NOMINAL
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE: PERFORM
TESTS, CHECK RESULTS;
 MORE DETAILED RELAY INVESTIGATION.
 IF THE AUTOMATIC TEST PROGRAM IS
NOT AVAILABLE: USE THE MANUAL TEST
PROGRAM.
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CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
TWO TYPES:
 PARAMETER – TIME
 PARAMETER – PARAMETER
1. PARAMETER – TIME EXAMPLES: TIME
DEPENDENT OVERCURRENT; FREQUENCY,
OVER-UNDE VOLTAGE..
2. PARAMETER-PARAMETER EXAMPLES:
DISTANCE, DIRECTIONAL, DIFFERENTIAL..
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PARAMETER – TIME CURVE
t
YOU EXECUTE A NUMBER OF TIME
DELAY MEASUREMENTS, WITH
INCREASING TEST CURRENTS

T(I>>)

I> I>> I
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THRESHOLD TESTS
t
I> TEST: INCREMENT THE CURRENT
UNTIL THE RELAY TRIPS

I>> THRESHOLD?
T(I>) RED LINES: NO
GREEN LINE: OK?
IMPOSSIBLE !
T(I>>)

I> I>> I
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I>>, Z< THRESHOLD TESTS
1. THRESHOLD TIME: (T(I>) + T(I>>)) / 2
2. CURRENT INCREMENT: 2*P%
3. TWO TIME TESTS: (I>> - P%); (I>> + P%)
3. IF T(I>>-P%) > Tth AND T(I>>+P%) < Tth: THRESHOLD OK;
4. ELSE: AUTOMATIC SEARCH, THAT STOPS WHEN: T(IN) >
Tth; T(IN+1) < Tth
5. THRESHOLD VALUE: ITH = (I(N ) + I(N+1))/2; ERROR P%
t

T(I>)
Tth
T(I>>)
I

I2
I1 I>>
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I>>, Z< THRESHOLD TESTS

1. T> AND T>> SHOULD BE KNOWN

2. P% CAN BE ANY VALUE
3. YOU CANNOT TEST I>> WITH ONE TEST!
t

T(I>)
Tth
T(I>>) I

I1 I>> I2
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PARAMETER-PARAMETER CURVE
X

DISTANCE RELAY
ZONE 3
CHARACTERISTIC

ZONE 2

ZONE 1

WHERE ARE TIME AND THRESHOLD

MEASUREMENTS?
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PARAMETER-PARAMETER CURVE
X LINE
Z3 ANGLE
DISTANCE RELAY
ZONE 3
Z2 CHARACTERISTIC

Z1 ZONE 2

ZONE 1

φL

R
A GROUP OF PARAMETERS DOES NOT CHANGE DURING
THE TESTS: ONLY ONE IS THE VARIABLE
WITH THIS, YOU OBTAIN A PARAMETER VS. TIME CURVE
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Z VS. TIME CURVE
TRIP ZONE
t

T3

T2

T1

Z1 Z2 Z3 Z

CURVES ARE OF THE I>> TYPE: TWO TIME TESTS

(MINIMUM) PER ZONE LIMIT!
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PARAMETER-PARAMETER CURVE
 IT IS NECESSARY TO DEFINE THE VARIABLE
PARAMETER, WHILE THE OTHERS ARE NOT
CHANGED FOR A GROUP OF TESTS, AND
PERFORM PARAMETER VS. TIME TESTS.
 TEST RESULTS ARE THRESHOLDS: CURVES JOIN
THEM
 TEST TO BE EXECUTED: I>> TYPE, AT
DIFFERENT VALUES.
 PROBLEM: STUDY THE CURVE AND DECIDE THE
TEST APPROACH
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OTHER EXAMPLE; PARAMETER-PARAMETER CURVE

EARTH DIRECTIONAL 67N: HOW TO TEST IT?

I t

V,
2 Φ = 90°
I

4 3 5 V 90° φ
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OTHER EXAMPLE; PARAMETER-PARAMETER CURVE

EARTH DIRECTIONAL 67N: HOW TO TEST IT?

V-I CURVE
1. SELECT AN ANGLE WHERE THE RELAY TRIPS;
2. I IS CONSTANT; V IS INCREMENTED. LIMIT AT 5: SEARCH AT ANGLES
LESS THAN 45°;
3. V IS CONSTANT; I IS INCREMENTED;
4. BOTH V AND I? DEFINE THE RATIO
5. ANGLE SECTOR? DEFINE V, I, AND

φ(t) CURVE
V, I: INTERVENTION. INCREMENT OR DECREMENT THE ANGLE
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OTHER EXAMPLE; PARAMETER-PARAMETER CURVE

REVERSE POWER 32: HOW TO TEST IT?

Q
2

φ
1 0 P

-P%

4
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OTHER EXAMPLE; PARAMETER-PARAMETER CURVE

REVERSE POWER 32: HOW TO TEST IT?

RELAY SETTINGS: P%, TRIP TIME. EXAMPLE: 1 KW, 5%

COMPUTE:
P = V*I*cos(φ); P% = 50 W
V = VN; VN = 100 V; Vphase = 57,8 V
POINT 1: φ = 180°; cos(φ) = -1; I = 50/57,8 = 0,865 A NOM
POINTS 2, 3: φ = 135°; cos(φ) = -0,707; I = 50/(57,8*0,707) = 1.22 A NOM
POINT 4? I = 2 A; SEARCH THE ANGLE φ SUCH THAT cos(φ) = 50 / (57,8 *
2) = 0,43; φ = 154° NOM
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OTHER EXAMPLE; PARAMETER-PARAMETER CURVE

LOSS OF FIELD 40: HOW TO TEST IT?

φ
0 P

2 -Q0
3
1
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OTHER EXAMPLE; PARAMETER-PARAMETER CURVE

LOSS OF FIELD 40: HOW TO TEST IT?

RELAY SETTINGS: Q0%, LINE ANGLE, TRIP TIME.

AS BEFORE, FROM THE VALUE OF Q0 YOU CAN COMPUTE THE VALUE OF I
AT 270°, AND AT OTHER ANGLES
POINT 1: φ = 270°; FIND I
POINT 2: φ = 235°; FIND I
POINT 3? DEFINE I; SEARCH THE ANGLE φ SUCH THAT THE RELAY
INTERVENES
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OTHER EXAMPLE; PARAMETER-PARAMETER CURVE

LOSS OF FIELD 40 R-X: HOW TO TEST IT?

X
φ
0 R

-X1 1

4 3

-X2 2
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OTHER EXAMPLE; PARAMETER-PARAMETER CURVE

LOSS OF FIELD 40 R-X: HOW TO TEST IT?

RELAY SETTINGS: -X1, -X2, a = X2-X1; b = R3 – R4

Z=V/I
POINT 1: φ = 270°; I = IN; V IS INCREASED
POINT 2: φ = 270°; I = IN; V = VN; V IS DECREASED
POINTS 3, 4? DEFINE Z = (X1 + X2)/2; SEARCH INTERVENTION ANGLES
A AND b CAN NOW BE COMPUTED.
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MANUAL TEST PROGRAM

WITH MANUAL TESTS, YOU CAN TEST ANY TYPE OF

RELAY, BUT:
• YOU HAVE TO COMPUTE V, I, ANGLES FROM PARAMETER SETTINGS;
• YOU HAVE TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE AND DECIDE THE
TESTING METHOD FOR EACH POINT.
• THE TESTING METHOD IS ALWAYS APPLICABLE, BUT NOT TEST VALUES,
AS THEY CHANGE WITH RELAY SETTINGS.