Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Gururaj R Deshpande
Asst. Professor
A.G. Patil Institute of Technology,
Solapur
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Automobile Engineering
Objectives
To develop understanding about various
automobile components and systems
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What is an ‘Automobile’??
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History of Automobiles
Invention of Wheel is
major milestone in
human history after fire
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History–1869 Captain Nicholas Cugnot (French) build first Automobile
2.5mph (4.02 Kmph) in 15 minutes – 3 Wheeler
1769 Cugnot Steamer
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Captain Nicholas Joseph Cugnot – French Army – built the first self
propelled vehicle in 1768-70
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First Automobile
videoplayback.mp4
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Karl Benz
1. Based on Purpose
1. Passenger Vehicles – Car, Bus, Motorcycle
2. Goods Vehicles – Lorry, truck, Pick up
2. Based on Capacity
1. Heavy Motor Vehicle (HMV) – large trucks, Buses, Tractor
2. Light Motor Vehicle (LMV) – Cars, Jeep, Motor cycles
3. Medium Vehicle – Small trucks, Minibus, Tempo
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Classification Of Automobiles
3. Based on Fuel Source
1. Petrol Engine 2. Diesel Engine
3. Gas Vehicles 4. Solar Vehicles
5. Hydrogen Vehicles 6. Electric Vehicles
7. Steam Engine vehicles
8. Hybrid Vehicles
9. Hybrid Electric Vehicles
10.Based on Type of Transmission
1. Automatic transmission vehicles – mostly American
2. Conventional transmission vehicles – Most Indian Vehicles
3. Semi - Automatic transmission vehicles – mostly British
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Classification Of Automobiles
5. Based on Make
1. MARUTI SUZUKI 2. HINDUSTAN
MOTORS
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Classification Of Automobiles
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Classification Of Automobiles
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C O M P O N E N T S O FA N A U T O M O B I L E
2. The Engine
4. The Auxiliaries
5. The Controls
6. The Superstructure
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C O M P O N E N T S O FA N A U TO M O B I L E
1. The Engine:
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C O M P O N E N T S O FA N A U T O M O B I L E
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Transmission System
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C O M P O N E N T S O F A N A U TO M O B I L E
4. The Auxiliaries:
5. The Controls:
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Engine Systems
1. Cooling System
2. Fuel System
3. Lubrication System
4. Ignition System
5. Electrical System
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Indian Automakers
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European Automakers
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Japanese Automakers
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American Automakers
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Italian Automakers
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French Automakers
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Swedish Automakers
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German Automakers
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This is a list of the 10 largest
manufacturers by production in 2015
Rank Group Country Vehicles
1 Toyota Japan 10,083,831
2 Volkswagen Germany 9,872,424
3 Hyundai South Korea 7,988,479
4 General Motors United States 7,485,587
5 Ford United States 6,396,369
6 Nissan Japan 5,170,074
7 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy/ United States 4,865,233
8 Honda Japan 4,543,838
9 Suzuki Japan 3,034,081
10 Renault France 3,032,652
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The Transmission system
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Various components of transmission
system
1) Clutch
2) Gearbox
3) Universal joints
4) Differential
5) Wheels
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.
Clutch : Its purpose is to enable the driver to disconnect the
drive from the road wheels instantaneously and to engage
drive from the engine to the road wheels gradually while
moving the vehicle from rest.
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Automobile Chassis
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Automobile Chassis
• The power unit is connected with the transmission.
• The body or Cabin is jointed to the Chassis by means of bolts & nuts
or by welding.
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Chassis Components
• Frame
• Front Suspension
• Steering Mechanism
• Wheels, Tyres and axles – rear & front springs & shock absorbers
• Engine, Clutch & Gearbox
• Propeller shaft
• Radiator
• Differential, half shaft & universal joint
• Brakes & Braking system
• Fuel tanks, pipes & connecting fuel lines.
• Battery & electrical system
• Silencer
• Car Body
• Car Body
accessori 45
Desired qualities of a Chassis
• Fast pick up
• Strength & Safety
• Durability
• Dependability
• Ease of control
• Quietness
• Speed
• Power accessibility
• Low centre of gravity
• Simplicity of lubrication
• Economy of operation.
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Frame
braking or acceleration.
Frame have 3 different types
1. Conventional frame 2. Integral Frame 3. Semi Integral
Frame
Types of Chassis
• According to layout
• Conventional
• Forward
• Semi forward
• According to mounting of engine and transmission
• Engine at front
• Engine fitted in front but crosswise
• Engine fitted at the center of the chassis
• Engine fitted at the back
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Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive (Conventional Chassis)
• Half portion of the engine is in the driver cabin & and remaining
half is outside the cabin such as in Tata trucks / Tempos
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• In this arrangement a part of the chassis is utilized for carrying
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extra passengers
Forward Chassis
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Engine fitted in front but crosswise
• This front engine layout requires very small space to fit the engine.
• Hence, most compact cars use this layout which has very small space to
accommodate the engine.
• Design is more complicated as compared to the longitudinally placed engine.
• This is because it does not leave enough space for accessories.
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Engine is mounted at center
• Mid-engine, rear-wheel drive format can be considered the original
layout of automobiles.
• Drive is given to the rear.
• Equal Distribution of weight.
• Largest drawback of mid-engine cars is restricted rear passenger space;
• Consequently most mid-engine vehicles are two-seat vehicles.
• The engine in effect pushes the passenger compartment forward towards
the front axle (if engine is behind driver).
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Engine Fitted at back
• Flat floor is available since long propeller shafts are eliminated
• With elimination of propeller shaft the center of gravity lowered
giving stable driving
• Better adhesion on road specially when climbing hill
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TYPES OF CHASSIS LAYOUT
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5
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This arrangement eliminates the necessity for a propeller shaft when the
engine is mounted adjacent to the driven wheels.
The engine-clutch-gearbox-final drive form a single unit in this layout.
In order to reduce the ‘overhang’ distance between the wheel centres
and the front of the engine, the final drive is generally placed between
the clutch and the gear box.
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
It has a simpler drives shaft layout in comparison to front wheel drive.
The weight of rear engine on the riving wheels provides excellent
traction and grip especially on steep hills as well as when
accelerating.
Effective rear wheel braking is possible with this layout.
Due to the absence of the propeller shaft the obstructed floor space is
reduced.
The front of the vehicle can be designed for good visibility and
smooth air flow.
The exhaust gases, fumes, engine heat and noises are carried away
from the passengers.
This drive arrangement results in compact layout and short car.
Weight over rear wheels, increased traction while accelerating.
Front axle construction is simplified.
Absence of propeller shaft results in decrease of floor height.
Engine components mounted at rear of rear axle hence more space is
available.
Disadvantages
It has a restricted luggage compartment due to narrow front,
which houses the fuel tank also.
Natural air cooling is not possible, it requires a powerful fan.
Separate cooling mechanism is needed for effective cooling of
the engine as the engine is mounted at rear.
Long linkages are required for the engine, clutch and gear box
controls.
The rearward concentration of weight causes the vehicle to be
more affected by side winds at high speeds.
This makes the vehicle unstable resulting in oversteering and
turning very sharply into a curve.
No propeller shaft is used in front engine front wheel drive and
differentials are included in the same assembly.
This layout provides optimum body-luggage space and a flat
front line resulting in a transverse longitudinal engine position.
Good road adhesion is provided by the large proportion of the
vehicles’ weight acting on the driven wheels.
The power flows from engine to front axle.
This type of arrangement have additional sub type i.e. front
mounted cross engine.
Advantages
Under steady conditions generally preferred by many drivers are
promoted by this type of drive.
Lower flat floor line is provided due to dispensing with the propeller
shaft resulting in lowering of centre of gravity.
This provides a more comfortable drive due to final drive spring.
Since the powertrain is a single unit contained in the engine
compartment of the vehicle, there is no need to devote interior space for
a driveshaft tunnel or rear differential, increasing the volume available
for passengers and cargo.
Slippery-surface traction with Good road adhesion: placing the mass of
the drivetrain over the driven wheels improves traction on wet, snowy,
or icy surfaces. This is faster and safer travelling due to good road
holding.
The direct connection between engine and transaxle (clutch, Gearbox
and Differential) reduce the mass and mechanical inertia of the
drivetrain compared to a rear-wheel drive vehicle with a similar engine
and transmission, allowing greater fuel economy which Improves drive
train efficiency
Disadvantages
Due to the combination of steered and driven wheels with short shafts,
special universal joints and a more complicated assembly are required.
To prevent the rear wheels from skidding under heavy break, the
required weight at the rear usually necessitates special arrangement.
The tractive effort which most needed on steep gradients and during
acceleration is reduced.
Less Turning Radius
The drive shafts may limit the amount by which the front wheels can
turn, they are generally unable to make the.
More Weight on front results in rapid wear of front tires.
Front-wheel drive has worse acceleration than rear-wheel drive, which
is why most sporty and race cars use rear-wheel drive.
To increase maneuverability of the vehicle required to travel on rough
unconstructed roads and trucks another arrangement known as Four-
wheel drive is provided.
Due to all the four wheels getting driven, whole weight of the vehicle is
available for traction.
But this advantage is not worthy as the additional cost on good road
surfaces.
The system is provided in jeeps which are known as 4 x 4 wheel drive
vehicles.
Advantages
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Disadvantages