History and Types of

Counseling

Rabia Muzaffar & Erum Kausar

The First Counselors

Religious Leaders
 Moses (1200 B.C.)
 Muhammed (600 B.C.)
 Buddha (500 B.C.)
Counseling history can be traced back to tribal times
where people would come together in a group and
share their experiences, and sometimes their dreams.

As civilization developed, religion offered a type of

counseling, usually by priests who would listen and
advise parishioners on their problems.
The long tradition of counseling is first of family
members helping with advice. Parents counsel their
children. Grandparents and other family elders offer
the wisdom of the years.
 Middle Ages to 17th century
Madness - in league with devil, torture, hanging,
burning, sent to sea, trephining

 18th century
Keep “MAD” people away from society
 The Industrial Revolution (1760-1820)

 With the rise of the industrial revolution through the

eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, populations became
mobile as they sought employment in towns and cities
that were often far from their original homes.
 This separated them from their natural counselors,
although the religious support was still available. Yet
with the rise of science, the power of the church
declined and it was not always able to give the help that
was needed.
 Social Reforms of 1880s
Dorothea Dix: In the early 1800’s, she advocated for the
establishment of institutions that would treat people with
emotional disorders in a humane manner.

Moral-treatment movement – Philippe Pinel

Moved mentally ill out of dungeons- held as inmates rather
than treated as patient.
Convinced contemporaries that mentally ill are not possessed
Created new institutions- not kept in chains or beaten
Advocated staff to take case history, ongoing treatment
notes, and an illness classification of some kind
The Rise of Psychotherapy

 Hypnotism
-Mesmer
 Psychoanalysis
-Sigmund Freud
 World War II

 It was then that new demands surfaced for vocational

counseling, and men were given tests and guided into
appropriate positions during and after the war.
 It was also then that clinical psychologists became busy with
treating soldiers who had issues like grief, anxiety, and post-
traumatic stress disorder.
 Female psychologists, while not allowed to take part in the
war effort, were busy with helping communities handle the
stresses of the war and guiding single mothers on child
rearing.
 At this time in history, vocational counseling was also on
the scene, led by Frank Parsons, which helped guide people
to the right careers based on their interests and abilities.
While Freud was directing clients and Parsons was filling
careers, we might wonder when counseling began
addressing personal issues in a supportive, therapeutic
relationship. The answer lies in a man named, Carl Rogers,
whose greatest work appeared on the scene in the 1940s.
 Rather than believing people needed to be analyzed and bring
forth their unconscious, Rogers believed that what people
needed most was a nonjudgmental environment where they
could feel safe to share. He believed the counselor was not
meant to act as an authoritarian leader, but to serve as a caring
companion to walk alongside the client, helping them to
uncover their own knowledge of what's best for them.
 His new approach to counseling was called person-centered
therapy.
 1963 - The Community Mental Health Centers Act created
more than 2,000 mental health centers and provided an
opportunity for counselors to be employed outside of
educational settings.
 1976 - American Mental Health Counselors Association
 1980s and 1990s- Federal legislations
e.g., The Carl D. Perkins Vocational Act of 1984.
 1990s to present: Trend towards diagnosis and treatment.
 Types of Counseling

 Marriage Counseling
 Grief Counseling
 Family Counseling
 Relationship Counseling
 Mental Health Counseling
 Group Counseling
 Substance Abuse Counseling
 Teen Counseling
 Divorce Counseling
 Individual Counseling
 Career Counseling
 Rehabilitation Counseling
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