AC & DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
• Direct Current – flows in one direction and energy
transfer takes place unidirectional
• Alternating Current – one in which the direction
alternates regularly
 OHM’S LAW
•  
OHM’s LAW relates the three basic electrical quantities:
current, voltage and resistance.
“The current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional
to the voltage and inversely proportional to the
resistance.”
 OHM’S LAW
•  
Electrical Power is defined as the time rate at which
charged Q is forced to move by the applied voltage.

JOULE’s LAW is about the power dissipation of a

resistive element in a circuit.
 SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT
•  
Series Circuit

Parallel Circuit
 VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE
•  
CURRENT DIVIDER RULE
 DELTA AND WYE CIRCUITS
•   – Wye transformations
Delta

 
Wye – Delta transformations
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 50-ohm resistor is in parallel with 100-ohm
resistor. Current in 50-ohm resistor is 7.2 A. How will
you add a third resistor and what will be its value if
the line-current is to be 12.1 A?
a. 360 ohms
b. 277 ohms
c. 156 ohms
d. 450 ohms
2. What is the power dissipated by R2, R4, and R6?

a. P2 = 417 mW, P4 = 193 mW, P6 = 166 mW

b. P2 = 407 mW, P4 = 183 mW, P6 = 156 mW
c. P2 = 397 mW, P4 = 173 mW, P6 = 146 mW
d. P2 = 387 mW, P4 = 163 mW, P6 = 136 mW
3. If the load in the given circuit is 120 kΩ , what is the
loaded output voltage?
a. 4.21 V
b. 15.79 V
c. 16 V
d. 19.67 V
4. What is the value of the unknown resistor R if the
voltage drop across the 500 ohms resistor is 2.5 volts?
a. 118 ohms
b. 233 ohms
c. 312 ohms
d. 414 ohms
5. What are the branch currents I2 and I3?
a. I2 = 4 mA, I3 = 2 mA
b. I2 = 4.5 mA, I3 = 2.5 mA
c. I2 = 2.5 mA, I3 = 1.5 mA
d. I2 = 5.5 mA, I3 = 3.5 mA
6. What is the total resistance?
a. 2.2 kΩ
b. 3.2 kΩ
c. 4.2 kΩ
d. 5.2 kΩ
7. The first goal to accomplish in analyzing a complex
series-parallel circuit is to
a. equate all parallel components
b. equate all series components
c. solve for all the voltage drops
d. solve for the total current and resistance
8. Which circuit fault do the meter readings in the given
figure indicate?
a. The 1 kΩ resistor is open.
b. The 4.7 k Ω resistor is open.\
c. The 2.2 k Ω resistor is open
d. The 3.3 k Ω resistor is open.
9. Three resistance of 15 Ω each are connected in delta.
The resistance of equivalent star will have a value of:
a. 15 ohms
b. 5 ohms
c. 5/3 ohms
d. 45 ohms
10. Suppose you have an unlimited supply of 1-W, 100-Ω
resistors. You need to get a 100-Ω, 10-W resistor. This
can be done most cheaply by means of a series-parallel
matrix of:
a. 3 x 3 resistors
b. 4 x 3 resistors
c. 4 x 4 resistors
d. 2 x 5 resistors
 ELECTRICAL NETWORK LAWS AND THEOREMS

• network
A   is defined as the interconnection of
components.
A branch represents a single element.
A node is the point of connection between two or more
branches.
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops
within it.
 ELECTRICAL NETWORK LAWS AND THEOREMS

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) or Law of Conservation of Current

• “In any electrical network, the algebraic sum of the currents
meeting at a point is zero.”
 
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) or Law of Conservation of Voltage
• “The algebraic sum of the products of currents and resistances
in each of the conductors in any closed path in a network plus
the algebraic sum of the voltages in that path is zero.”
 ELECTRICAL NETWORK LAWS AND THEOREMS

Superposition Theorem
• In a network with two or more sources, the current
or voltage for any component is the algebraic sum of
the effects produced by each source acting
separately.
Thevenin’s Theorem
• The entire network connected to the load can be replaced by
a single voltage source Vth in series with a single resistance Rth
connected to the same terminal.
Norton’s Theorem
• The entire network connected to the load can be
replaced by a single current source ISC in parallel with
a single resistance RO.
11. Find the Thevenin equivalent (VTH and RTH) between
terminals A and B of the circuit given below.
a. 4.16 V, 120 Ω
b. 41.6 V, 120 Ω
c. 4.16 V, 70 Ω
d. 41.67 V, 70 Ω
12. A certain current source has the values IS = 4 µA
and RS = 1.2 MΩ. The values for an equivalent voltage
source are
a. 4.8 μV and 1.2 M Ω
b. 1 V and 1.2 M Ω
c. 4.8 V and 4.8 M Ω
d. 4.8 V and 1.2 M Ω
13. Calculate Iab and Vcg for the circuit below.
a. 0.931 A, 6.62 V
b. 0.113 A, 2.26 V
c. 0.313 A, 2.26 V
d. 0.391 A, 6.26 V
14. Find the current through R2 of the given circuit.
a. 30.7 mA
b. 104 mA
c. 74 mA
d. 134 mA 
15. Referring to the given circuit, the voltage and
current for the load resistor, RL, is
a. 450 mV, 4.5 mA
b. 4.50 V, 45 mA
c. 4.50 V, 4.5 mA
d. 450 mV, 45 mA
 AC Circuits
•  
Peak Value is the maximum value of a waveform of one alternation either negative or
positive alternation.

Peak-to-Peak Value is the magnitude of the waveform from the peak of the positive
alternation to the peak of the negative alternation.

Instantaneous Value of voltage or current is the value of current or voltage at one

particular instant.

Average Value is the average of ALL the instantaneous value during ONE alternation.

Effective Value or RMS is the equivalent heating effect of an alternating current or

voltage to the direct current or voltage on the same resistance.
•  Inductive Reactance

• Capacitive Reactance

Impedance is the total opposition to the flow of

alternating current.
Loads of AC Circuits
Purely Resistive Loads
• The current is always in phase with the voltage

Purely Inductive Loads

• The current always lags behind the voltage by 90 degrees.
• The power dissipated is zero.

Purely Capacitive Loads

• The current leads the voltage by 90 degrees.
• The power dissipated is zero.
•  
POWERS of AC CIRCUITS
1. True/Real/Active Power
• expressed in watts
• represents the true work

2. Reactive Power
• the power consumed by the reactive component

3. Apparent Power
• vector sum of the true power and reactive powers.
16. What is the peak-to-peak voltage of the waveform
in the given circuit?
a. 2 V
b. 4 V
c. 6 V
d. 8 V
17. A half-cycle average voltage of 12 V is equal to what
rms voltage?
a. 13.33 V
b. 8.48 V
c. 18.84 V
d. 7.64 V
18. What is the total current?
a. 56.6 mA
b. 141 mA
c. 191 mA
d. 244 mA
19. What is the total current?
a. 15.6 mA
b. 17.8 mA
c. 21.9 mA
d. 26.0 mA
•   Referring to the given figure, determine ZTH as seen
20.
by RL if R1 is changed to 3.3 kΩ.
a. 1488
b. 3859
c. 5180
d. 1828
21. A 9 mH coil is in parallel with a 0.015 μF capacitor
across an 18 kHz ac source. The coil's internal
resistance, RW, is 60 Ω. The circuit impedance is
a. 1,389 Ω
b. 1,734 Ω
c. 290 Ω
d. 1,018 Ω
22. A 15 resistor, an inductor with 8 inductive
reactance, and a capacitor with 12 capacitive reactance
are in parallel across an ac voltage source. The circuit
impedance is
a. 12.7 ohms
b. 127 ohms
c. 4,436 ohms
d. 6,174 ohms