Technical Training Program

foundations

GOD HATH DONE EVERYTHING BEAUTIFUL IN HIS TIME

 Outline of Presentation

Types of footing

Following are the different types of footing used for

concrete structure
• Isolated footing
• Combined footings
• Strap footing
• Mat or raft foundation
• Pile foundation

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ISOLATED FOOTING

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 Introduction

ISOLATED FOOTING

Isolated footings are provided under each column and may be

square, rectangular, or circular in plan. Footing may be flat or
tapered

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 Detailing

Size of footing
Depth at footing
Depth of footing edge
Nominal and effective cover
Development length
Minimum and maximum steel
Spacing of bars and stirrups

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 Detailing of Steel in Rectangular Footing as per IS : 456-2000

Reinforcement

Long and short direction

In short direction larger steel area is needed in the central portion and is given by

Ast ,central band 2


Ast ,total , short  direction ( L / B)  1

Reminder of the steel in end bands

f s .φ s
Development length= Ldt= = Ldt= 4τ
bd

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 Detailing of Square footing

400
400
CROSS SECTION 4- #16

2700
3000 mm
GROUND LEVEL

4- #16
DEPTH OF
#6@220
FOUNDATION
#20@250 2700
≥ 500 mm
Ldt L dc
150 min.

75 300 min.
Ldt LEVELLING COURSE
75 PLAN
SECTIONAL ELEVATION

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 Detailing of Rectangular footing

400

300

CROSS SECTION

GROUND LEVEL

DEPTH OF 6- #20
FOUNDATION #8@200
#16@200
≥ 500 mm

Ldt L dc

75
75 300 min.
Ldt LEVELLING COURSE PLAN
75
SECTIONAL ELEVATION

PLAN 7
 Detailing of Rectangular footing

300

CROSS SECTION

3200
GROUND LEVEL
DEPTH OF 6- #20
FOUNDATION #8@200
≥ 500 mm #16@200
2200
Ldt L dc

75
75 300 min.
Ldt LEVELLING COURSE
75 EB CB= 2200 EB
SECTIONAL ELEVATION
PLAN

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 Detailing with dowel bars

Dowel bars or
starter bars
(At least 0.5% of the cross section
area of the column or pedestal
with min 4 bars of 12mm dia.)
DEPTH OF
LAP
FOUNDATION
≥ 500 mm #16@200

Ldt L dc

75
75 300 min .
Ldt LEVELLING COURSE
75
SECTIONAL ELEVATION

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 RC Detailing of Isolated footing

Reinforcement of the footing:

Minimum Reinforcement:

Minimum reinforcement and spacing shall be as per the requirements of solid slab.

0.15% - Fe 250

0.12% - Fe 415 & Fe 500

The spacing of the bars for main tensile reinforcement in solid slab shall be not more than thrice the
effective depth of slab or 450 mm, whichever is smaller.

The spacing of the distribution bars or the spacing of the bars provided against shrinkage and
temperature shall not be more than 5 times the effective depth of slab or 450 mm, whichever is
smaller.

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 RC Detailing of Isolated footing

Minimum Diameter of bar:

The diameter of main reinforcing bar should not
less than 10mm.

Top Reinforcement: (Footing Subject to

Compression and Moment: Uplift)

Top reinforcement is provided when loss of

contact occurs .

Loss of contact will occur in case of structures

like conveyor, pipes, etc., where there is not much
dead load will act and the footing is allowed to
uplift.

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COMBINED FOOTING

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 Fundamentals of RC Detailing of combined footing

What is combined footing?

Combined footings are provided to support two or more column loads

Necessity of combined footing:

when the isolated footings overlap.
when the exterior column is close to the property line with the result symmetrical isolated footing can not
be provided.

Types of Combined footings

Rectangular Combined Footing
Trapezoidal Combined Footing
Cantilever or Strap Combined Footing

Detailing
For combined footing, detailing of longitudinal and transverse bars is similar to that of beams.

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 Types of combined footing

PROPERTY LINE
PROPERTY LINE

RECTANGULAR TRAPEZOIDAL

PROPERTY LINE

Strap Footing consists of an isolated footing of

two columns connected by a beam called strap
STRAP beam. The strap beam does not remain in
BEAM contact with the soil and thus does not transfer
any load to the soil.
STRAP

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RC Detailing of Rectangular combined footing

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RC Detailing of Trapezoidal Combined Footing

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RC Detailing of Strap footing

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 RC Detailing of footing under Trench

Where ducts and trenches occur

in footing, special attention should
be given to detailing continuity of
top reinforcement. Specially
where moment transfer is
required

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 Column on edges of footing

To prevent shear failure along the inclined

plane (corbel type of failure) in footing,
where a column is located on the edge, it
is advisable to provide horizontal U-type
bars around the vertical starter bars.

Column on edge of a footing.

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 CONTINUOUS FOOTING UNDER WALLS

pockets may occur along the footing.

In continuous wall foundations, transverse

reinforcement should be provided when the projection
of the footing beyond the wall exceeds the thickness
of the footing.

It is also recommended that longitudinal

reinforcement be provided whenever an abrupt
change in the magnitude of the load or variation in
ground support or local loose pockets may occur
along the footing.

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PILE CAPS

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 Introduction
Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and transmit column loads to the
piles. 

Design Aspects:
Two alternative theories Truss Theory and Beam Theory are used for Design of Pile caps.

When Shear span/depth ratio (av /d) < 0.6, Truss action.

When Shear span/depth ratio (av /d) > 2.0, Beam action.
In truss action Tensile force between pile head is taken by Load transfer in thick pile caps

reinforcement, so great care should be taken to tie the

end of reinforcement.

In beam action tensile reinforcement at the bottom act like the tension

reinforcement.

Truss action in pile caps

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 Common Types of Pile caps

  

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 Design Aspects
Single Pile
Due to Lateral Force, Moments develops.
Free head condition.
Two Pile
Fixed head condition.
Beam action.
Sufficient care should be taken to transfer bending
in the transverse direction.

SINGLE PILE

For Two Piles

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 Detailing

Pile cap along with Column pedestal shall be

deep enough to allow for necessary anchorage
of column and pile reinforcement.

Side face reinforcement provided for bursting

tension around the pile cap = #12 @150

Clear overhang of the pile cap beyond

outermost pile=100-150mm

Clear cover shall not be less than 60mm

Reinforcement from the pile should be

properly tied to the pile cap.
Detailing as per Truss action
Anchoring the main steel at there ends
The ends of the steel given full anchorage by
providing full Ld.

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 Arrangement of Reinforcement

1) Main bars placed at bottom in X-X direction

bent at ends to increase anchorage.
2) Main bars placed at bottom in Y-Y direction
bent at ends.
3) Two or three layers of 12mm dia. horizontal
ties as a secondary steel to resist bursting.
4) Column starter bars, which are L-shaped
and turned back at the level of bottom
reinforcement.
5) Reinforcement from the pile extended into
the pile cap for its full Ld in compression.
6) Top steel provided as compression steel
(Required by calculation).
7) Link to the column bars.
8) Link to the pile reinforcement.

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Why top steel is required?
Tension in piles.

Due to water pressure.

To hold the stirrups.

Due to temperature and shrinkage.

Minimum reinforcement (Top and Bottom)

 0.12% - Fe 415 & Fe 500.

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