Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
By
Dr Anil Kumar
Material Balance
When fluids (oil, gas, water) are produced from an oil reservoir,
which may or may not have a primary gas cap, the pressure in this
reservoir will drop below the original value.
As a consequence of this pressure drop, a number of things will
happen:
1. the pore volume of the reservoir will become smaller
2. the connate water will expand
3. oil, if still under saturated, will expand
4. oil, if at or already below bubble point, will shrink while
gas will come out of solution
5. free gas, if present, will expand
6. water may start flowing into the reservoir, for instance,
across the original oil/water contact (OWC).
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
For a oil reservoir there may be following four conditions
OIL OIL
N*Boi (N-Np)*Bo
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Oil present
Oil Oil remaining
in the reservoir in the reservoir
initially - produced
(st. vol finally
(st. vol.) (st. vol.)
N Boi = (N-Np)Bo
N = Bo*Np/Bo-Boi
where N is the original oil volume in the reservoir and the Np is the
volume of oil produced both expressed in stock tank barrels.
Boi = Initial oil FV factor, Bo = Oil FV factor
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Example:
The reservoir fluid has an oil formation volume factor of 1.572
bbl/STB at the initial reservoir pressure 4400 psia and 1.600
bbl/STB at the bubble point pressure of 3550 psia. If the
reservoir produced 680000 STB when the pressure dropped at
3550 psia, calculate the initial oil in place. Also calculate the % of
oil recovered so far.
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
• reservoir fluid has an oil formation volume factor of 1.572
The
bbl/STB at the initial reservoir pressure 4400 psia and 1.600
bbl/STB at the bubble point pressure of 3550 psia. If the
reservoir produced 680000 STB when the pressure dropped at
3550 psia, calculate the initial oil in place. Also calculate the % of
oil recovered so far.
Solution:
N=
N = = 38.8 MM STB
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Gas Liberation Below the Bubble Point
• When the oil in the reservoir reaches the bubble point
pressure, gas will be liberated and will continue to be liberated
as the pressure declines.
• This is the mechanism of solution gas drive reservoir.
• In this mechanism, the produced fluids are now oil with its
contained solution gas and gas which has come out of solution
from the oil.
• Not all of this released free gas will be produced to the surface,
some will remain in the reservoir.
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Gas Liberation Below the Bubble Point
The free gas in the reservoir can be written:
Free gas in reservoir = original gas in solution - remaining gas in
solution – produced gas(Gps).
= (NRsi - (N - Np)Rs - Gps)Bg
where N is the original oil volume in the reservoir (Stb)
Np is the volume of oil produced (Stb)
Rsi = initial solution GOR, Rs = solution GOR
Gps = cumulative solution gas produced
Bg = Gas formation volume factor
Liberated Gas
N=
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Material Balance with Gas Cap and Water Drive
The equation developed assumes no change in reservoir volume.
If fluid encroaches into original oil bearing volume either from an
expanding gas cap or an encroaching water drive there will be
loss to the oil reservoir volume.
Change in volume due to gas cap expansion.
= (G - Gpc)Bg – GBgi
Change in volume due to water encroachment
= (We-WpBw)
Where Gpc= Cummulative gas cap produced
We= Cummulative water influx and
Wp= Cummulative water produced
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Material Balance with Gas Cap and Water Drive
∴ Total change in volume = original oil volume - (oil volume +
free solution gas)
Gas Cap Gas Cap
Gas Cap expansion
Oil Volume with free
NBoi
solution gas
Net Water encroachment
Aquifer Aquifer
The gas production is separated into gas cap and solution gas, Gpc and Gps.
However, the two can be combined so that Gp=Gpc+Gps then:
Where: N=Initial oil in place, Np= oil produced, Boi= initial FVF, Bo= FVF,
G=initial gas cap volume, Gp=cumulative gas produced, Gps= solution gas
produced, Gpc=gas cap produced, Bgi=initial gas FVF, Bg= gas FVFRsi=initial
GOR, Rs=GOR, We= cumulative water influx, Wp=cumulative water
production.
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Several of the material balance calculations require the total
pore volume (P.V) as expressed in terms of the initial oil volume
N and the volume of the gas cap G.
The expression for the total pore volume can be derived by
conveniently introducing the parameter m into the relationship
as follows:
Defining the ratio m as:
(1)
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
(6)
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Pore Volume Occupied by the Evolved Solution Gas
This can be determined by applying the following material
balance on the solution gas:
………
… (7)
Pore Volume Occupied by the Net Water Influx
net water influx =We −Wp Bw (8)
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Change in Pore Volume Due to Initial Water and Rock
Expansion
The water compressibility cw and rock compressibility cf are
generally of the same order of magnitude as the
compressibility of the oil.
The effect of these two components, however, can be
neglected for gas-cap-drive reservoir or when the reservoir
pressure drops below the bubble-point pressure.
The compressibility coefficient c, which describes the
changes in the volume (expansion) of the fluid or material
with changing pressure is given by:
c=
ΔV = VcΔp
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
ΔV represents the net changes or expansion of the material
as a result of changes in the pressure.
The reduction in the pore volume due to the expansion of
the connate water in the oil zone and the gas cap is given by:
Connate water expansion = [(pore volume) Swi] cw Δp
Substituting for the pore volume (P.V) with Equation-1:
(9)
where Δp = change in reservoir pressure, (pi − p)
cw = water compressibility coefficient, psi−1
m = ratio of the volume of the gas-cap gas to the reservoir oil
volume, bbl/bbl
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Similarly, the reduction in the pore volume due to the
expansion of the reservoir rock is given by:
(10)
(11)
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Pore Volume Occupied by the Injection of Gas and Water
Assuming that Ginj volumes of gas and Winj volumes of water
have been injected for pressure maintenance,
the total pore volume occupied by the two injected fluids is
given by:
……………….(13)
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
The cumulative gas produced Gp can be expressed in terms of
the cumulative gas-oil ratio Rp and cumulative oil produced Np
by:
Gp = Rp Np (14)
Combining Equation -14 with Equation-13 gives:
….. (15)
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
A more convenient form of the material balance equation
MBE can be determined by introducing the concept of the total
(two-phase) formation volume factor Bt into the equation. This
oil PVT property is defined as:
Bt = Bo + (Rsi − Rs) Bg (16)
….(17)
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
+ We-WpBw = Np[Bt+(Rp-Rsi)Bg ]
Or
= 1`
…………..(18)
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
In a combination drive reservoir where all the driving
mechanisms are simultaneously present, the relative
magnitude of each of the driving mechanisms and its
contribution to the production can be determine .
Rearranging Equation-18 gives:
(18)
Where,
A = Np [Bt + (Rp − Rsi) Bg] (19)
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Equation-18 can be abbreviated and expressed as:
DDI + SDI + WDI + EDI = 1.0 (20)
where DDI = depletion-drive index
SDI = segregation (gas-cap)-drive index
WDI = water-drive index
EDI = expansion (rock and liquid)-drive index
The four terms of the left-hand side of Equation-20 represent
the major primary driving mechanisms by which oil may be
recovered from oil reservoirs.
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Drive Indexes
Depletion Drive Index.
This driving mechanism is represented mathematically by the
first term of Equation-18 or:
DDI = N (Bt − Bti)/A (1)
Drive Indexes
Equation-20 can be solved at any time to determine the
magnitude of the various driving indexes.
The forces displacing the oil and gas from the reservoir are
subject to change from time to time.
Equation-20 should be solved periodically to determine
whether there has been any change in the driving indexes.
Changes in fluid withdrawal rates are primarily responsible for
changes in the driving indexes.
Reducing the oil-producing rate could result in an increased
water-drive index and a correspondingly reduced depletion-
drive index in a reservoir containing a weak water drive.
Shutting in wells producing large quantities of water, the water-
drive index could be increased, as the net water influx is the
important factor.
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Example -1
A combination-drive reservoir contains 10 MMSTB of oil
initially in place. The ratio of the original gas-cap volume to the
original oil volume, i.e., m, is estimated as 0.25. The initial
reservoir pressure is 3000 psia at 150°F. The reservoir
produced 1 MMSTB of oil, 1100 MMscf of 0.8 specific gravity
gas, and 50,000 STB of water by the time the reservoir
pressure dropped to 2800 psi. Following are the other
parameters of reservoir. The PVT is available in the table
Calculate:
a. Cumulative water influx
b. Net water influx
c. Primary driving indexes at 2800 psi
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Because the reservoir contains a gas cap, the rock and fluid
expansion can be neglected, i.e., set cf and cw = 0.
Solution
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Solution
Step 3. Solve for the initial oil-in-place by applying Equation-15:
Material Balance
Oil Reservoir
Solution
Step 3. Solve for the initial oil-in-place by applying Equation-15:
(1.33-1.35)
= 34.79
Material Balance Gas Reservoir
• If the gas reservoir is supported by water drive then as gas is
produced, water will encroach into the gas pore space, and
some of this water may also be produced.
• Because the mobility of gas is far greater than water,
production of water at surface may be delayed as the water
keeps to the gas water contact.
• The support from the water would be evidenced by the
pressure support given to the reservoir.
• In earlier years this may not be so easy to detect.
Material Balance Gas Reservoir
For a dry gas reservoir with water drive
With water drive, water will enter in to the pore volume originally
occupied by gas and some water may be produced.
GBgi (G-Gp)Bg
We-Wp
Water Water
Figure : Material Balance For a Dry Gas With Water Drive
GBgi = (G-Gp)Bg + We – Wp Bw
Where, G = Initial Gas in Place, Gp = Cumulative gas produced
Bgi = initial gas vol. factor, Bg = gas vol. factor
We = cumulative influx, Wp = cumulative water production
Bw = FVF of water
Material Balance
Gas Reservoir
Example
A gas reservoir under partial water drive produced 12.0 MMM SCF
when the average reservoir pressure had dropped from 3000 psia to
2200 psia. During the same interval, an estimated 5.20 MM bbl of
water entered the reservoir based on the volume of the invaded
area. If the gas deviation factor at 3000 psia and bottom-hole
temperature of 170°F is 0.88 and at 2200 psia is 0.78, what is the
initial volume of gas in place measured at 14.7 psia and 60°F?
Material Balance
Gas Reservoir
Solution
Gp=12 x109SCF
Pi = 3000Psia (Z = 0.88)
P = 2200Psia (Z = 0.76) T =170° F = 630° R
We =5.2 x106bbl
G =?
G(Bg — Bgi) + We = GpBg
Bg, = 0.0282× 0.88(630)/3000 = 0.0054
Bg = 0.0282 × 0.78(630)/2200 = 0.00629
G(0.00629 — 0.0054) + (5.2 x x 5.615) =12 x109(0.000629)
G = 42.8MMMSCF
Material Balance
(1)
Material Balance Equation
The above relationship shows that a plot of the term (F/N − Eo)
versus Eg would produce a straight line with a slope of m.
One advantage of this particular arrangement is that the straight
line must pass through the origin which, therefore, acts as a
control point
Conclusion: m = Slope
Material Balance Equation
Case 3: Gas cap Drive Reservoirs.
c. N and m are Unknown
If there is uncertainty in both the values of N and m, Equation 10 can
be re-expressed as:
A plot of F/Eo versus Eg/Eo should then be linear with intercept N and
slope mN.
Conclusions: N = intercept
mN = slope
m = slope/intercept
Material Balance Equation
Case 4: Water Drive Reservoirs.
An accurate description of the aquifer, future reservoir performance and
management is most important.
The full MBE can be expressed again as:
F = N (Eo + m Eg + Ef,w) +We
Dake (1978) points out that the term Ef,w can frequently be neglected in
water-drive reservoirs.
This is not only for the usual reason that the water and pore
compressibility are small, but also because a water influx helps to
maintain the reservoir pressure and, therefore, the Δp appearing in the
Ef,w term is reduced, or
F = N (Eo + m Eg) +We (11)
If, in addition, the reservoir has no initial gas cap, then Equation 11 can
be further reduced to:
F = N Eo +We
Thank You
Material Balance
Example: calculate the stock tank barrels of oil initially in place in a combination
drive reservoir
Given:
Volume of bulk oil zone = 112000 ac-ft
Volume of bulk gas zone = 19600 ac-ft
Initial reservoir pressure = 2710 psia
Initial FVF of oil = 1.340 bbl/STB
Initial gas volume factor = 0.006266 ft3 /STB
Initial dissolved GOR = 562 SCF/STB
Oil produced during the interval = 20 MM STB
Reservoir pressure at the end of the interval = 2000 psia
Average produced GOR = 700 SCF/STB
Two phase FVF at 2000 psia = 1.4954 bbl/STB
Volume of water encroached = 11.58 MM bbl
Volume of water produced = 1.05 MM STB
FVF of water = 1.028 bbl/STB
Gas Volume Factor at 2000 psia = 0.008479 ft3 /STB
Solution:
Gas Volume Factor at 2000 psia 0.008479
Material Balance