m We would like to appreciate and give good thanks

to our instructor Msc Abiyu Solomon who arranged

us in participation of this type of good knowledge
acquiring presentation
m `he huge problem we faced is shortage of time for
study and arranging all things we are told to do
within the given duration.
m Any error in this presentation is the cause of
hurrying to do the presentation
m If little more time is given for as we clearly and
gently present this topic in good manner
m `his presentation deals about the design criterion
of chain drive and gears.
m In gear design we consider different gear types
such as spur gear, bevel gear, helical gear and
worm gear.
m We also try to show their designing procedure and
special materials of them.
m —hain drive is diff. from rope and belt drive in
chain drive there is no slip.
m `he chains are made up of number of rigid links
which are hinged together by pin joints in order to
provide the necessary flexibility for wrapping
round the driving and driven wheels.

`he toothed wheels are known as à
 

à

à
à
à
Advantages
m As no slip takes place during chain drive, hence perfect velocity
ratio is obtained.
m Since the chains are made of metal, therefore they occupy less
space in width than a belt or rope drive.
m It may be used for both long as well as short distances.
m It gives a high transmission efficiency (upto 98 percent).
m It gives less load on the shafts.
m It has the ability to transmit motion to several shafts by one
chain only.
m It transmits more power than belts.
m It permits high speed ratio of 8 to 10 in one step.
m It can be operated under adverse temperature and atmospheric
conditions
isadvantages
m `he production cost of chains is relatively high.
m `he chain drive needs accurate mounting and
careful maintenance, particularly lubrication and
slack adjustment.
m `he chain drive has velocity fluctuations especially
when unduly stretched.
irst of all, determine the velocity ratio of the chain
drive

Select the minimum number of teeth on the smaller

sprocket or pinion from using standard table
m ind the number of teeth on the larger sprocket
etermine the design power by using the service factor, such that
esign power = Rated power × Service factor

—hoose the type of chain, number of strands for the design power and
r.p.m. of the smaller sprocket
m ote down the parameters of the chain, such as
pitch, roller diameter, minimum width of roller etc
USI this table
m ind pitch circle diameters and pitch line velocity
of the smaller sprocket.

etermine the load (W) on the chain by using the following relation

—alculate the factor of safety by dividing the breaking load (WB) to the load
on the chain ( W ).

ix the centre distance between the sprockets

—entre distance between the sprockets,= 30 Y
etermine the length of the chain.


Y
m ear is a toothed machine element
m Use to transmit power/motion
m Use for short space consideration
m the position of axes of the shafts.
! Garallel,
! Intersecting,
! on-intersecting and non-parallel.
m the peripheral velocity of the gears.
! ow velocity < 3 m/s
! Medium velocity 3 - 15 m / s
! High velocity >15 m / s
m the type of gearing.
! Ñxternal gearing
! Internal gearing
! Rack and pinion
m the position of teeth on the gear
! Straight
! Inclined
! —urved
m Gitch circle
ÿ It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action, would give the same
motion as the actual gear.
m a
 

 









Y 
 





Y




m


  

 









Y 
 










m a
 
 






 

 



Y











 



Y 
 

m


   



 

 



















 

m  
Y 















 







Y 
 



Y 









Y 

Y 






Y













Y 
 

















m

 Y 





 










Y 

 





  



m Module. It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in
millimeters to the number of teeth. It is usually
denoted by m. Mathematically, Module, 





m et „

„





„
 





Y 

m î 

 a
D
   An involute





„



of a circle is a plane curve


Y 



generated by a
point on a tangent
 





 


 




 YY 






 
 



m `he cast iron is widely used for the manufacture of
gears due to its good wearing properties,
m `he phosphor bronze is widely used for worm
gears in order to reduce wear of the worms
m `he steel is used for high strength gears
In the design of a gear drive, the following data is usually given :
î  

à
D à  


 à  


 
 

 
à
`he following requirements must be met in the design of a
gear drive :
|

|



| 




|



 
|


|
 |
or dynamic loading during
normal running conditions.


|



| 
|
||

|




|| 





|
|
||



  |


|


|
|
 


|




 
|


effect on the performance of
the gears.



| 


|



|| 
3


 „
where 3 
a 


 





„ 

 

`he values of the velocity factor („


 „






m ynamic load occurs b/c of
! Inaccuracies of tooth spacing,
! Irregularities in tooth profiles
! eflections of teeth under load.

W = W` + WI
W = `otal dynamic load,
W` = Steady load due to transmitted torque, and
WI = Increment load due to dynamic action.

`he increment load (WI) depends upon the pitch line velocity
W = `otal dynamic load in newtons,
W` = Steady transmitted load in newtons,
v = Gitch line velocity in m/s,
b = ace width of gears in mm, and
— = A deformation or dynamic factor in /mm.
 0 = A factor depending upon the form of the teeth.
= 0.107, for 14 1/2 ° full depth involute system.
= 0.111, for 20° full depth involute system.
= 0.115 for 20° stub system
tooth error in action (e) depends upon the pitch line velocity (v) and
the class of cut of the gears.
Values of maximum allowable tooth error in action (

„




Y 
 

velocity, for
well cut commercial gears.
m is obtained by ewis formula by substituting flexural
endurance limit or elastic limit stress (3e) in place of
permissible working stress (3w).

the values of flexural endurance limit (3e) for different materials are
presented in design data books
or safety, against tooth breakage, the static tooth load (WS) should be
greater than the dynamic load (W).


à 
à îD !

 
à
à î !

à 
à î !
 6 


where 6 
 

   











 
 







Y  










Y  




 


0 = oad-stress factor 3es = Surface endurance limit in MGa or

/mm2,
ij = Gressure angle,
ÑG = Young's modulus for the material of
`he values of surface endurance limit the pinion in /mm2, and
(3es) are given in the design databooks Ñ = Young's modulus for the material of
the gear in /mm2.
`he maximum limiting wear load (6 










 

6

m Bending failure
m Gitting:- `he failure occurs when the surface
contact stresses are higher than the endurance
limit of the material.
m 
 :-occurs when excessive heat is
generated when there is an excessive surface
pressure
m a
à

m 

à

irst of all, the design tangential tooth load

W` = Germissible tangential tooth load in

newtons,
G = Gower transmitted in watts,
v = Gitch line velocity in m / s

 = Gitch circle diameter in metres,

 = Speed in r.p.m., and

—S = Service factor.
m W` = 3w.b.pc.y = 3w.b.ʌ m.y
= (3o.—v) b.ʌ m.y (Q 3w = 3o.—v)
`he ewis equation is applied only to the weaker of the two wheels
o `he product (3w × y) is called à
 
 


m `he face width (b) may be taken as 3 pc to 4 pc (or 9.5 m to 12.5 m) for cut
teeth and 2 pc to 3 pc (or 6.5 m to 9.5 m) for cast teeth.


  
!"   à# 
$
6


6

6

 à 


6


Y 



or safety against breakage, 6








6

 
àà%

&
à

Helix angle:- It is a constant angle made by

the helices with the
axis of rotation.
Axial pitch. It is the distance, parallel to the
axis, between similar
faces of adjacent teeth.
ormal pitch. It is the distance between
similar faces of adjacent
teeth along a helix on the pitch cylinders
normal to the teeth.
Y 
Y


m Xverlap = Y




m 6a

6




6



b = Minimum face width, and

m = Module.

In case of double helical or herringbone gears, the minimum

face width
is given by

`he maximum face width ranges from 20 




In single helical gears, the helix angle ranges from 20° to 35°, while for
double helical gears, it may be made upto 45°.









a









 



†
= Helix angle.
G
 
à
%

&
à
m W` = (3o × —v) b.ʌ m.y'
m W` = `angential tooth load,
m 3o = Allowable static stress,
m —v = Velocity factor,
m b = ace width,
m m = Module, and
m y' = `ooth form factor or ewis factor corresponding to
the formative
m or virtual or equivalent number of teeth.
`he static tooth load or endurance strength of the tooth is given by
6




`he maximum or limiting wear tooth load for helical gears is given by

ij = ormal pressure angle.

oused for transmitting power at a constant velocity
ratio between two shafts whose axes
intersect at a certain angle
m ÷
 
à'( When equal bevel gears (having
equal teeth and equal pitch angles) connect two
shafts whose axes intersect at right angle
m a



à '(When the bevel gears
connect two shafts whose axes intersect at an
angle other than a right angle
m 
 

à'(When the bevel gears
connect two shafts whose axes intersect at an
angle greater than a right angle and one of the
bevel gears has a pitch angle of 90º
m 



à'(When the teeth on the
bevel gear are cut on the inside of the pitch cone,
m Gitch cone:-It is a cone containing the pitch
elements of the teeth
m 
'( point where the axes of two
mating gears intersect each other.
m G 
'(It is the angle made by the pitch line
with the axis of the shaft. It is denoted by µșG .
m à'( It is the length of the pitch cone
element
m a
'(It is the angle subtended by the
addendum of the tooth at the cone centre

! 
'( It is the angle subtended by the dedendum of the tooth
at the cone centre
m 
'( It is the angle subtended by the face
of the tooth at the cone centre
m 
'( It is the angle subtended by the root
of the tooth at the cone centre
m #


"'( It is an imaginary cone,
perpendicular to the pitch cone at the end of the
tooth.
m #à'( It is the length of the back
cone
m #'( It is the distance of the pitch point (











Y




pitch
point of the gear
m 
  è It is the distance of the crown point
(








 
Y


the axis of the
gear
m ÷  '( It is the distance of the back of the
boss from the cone centre.
m G 
è It is the diameter of the largest pitch
circle
m Xà

'( It is the
maximum diameter of the teeth of the gear.
m à
 
'(
m a, 



m !




m 

 = 0.2 
m 
  = 2 
m  àà = 1.5708 
where 




 

`he modified form of the ewis equation for the tangential tooth load is given
as follows
or satisfactory operation of the bevel gears the number of teeth in the pinion
must not less than

`he static tooth load or endurance strength of the tooth for bevel gears is
given by

`he maximum or limiting load for wear for bevel gears is given by







 „


equivalent number of teeth, such that
 m `he magnitude of the tangential and radial components is

forces are considered to act at the mean radius (

radial force (WR) acting at the mean radius may be further resolved into two
components, WRH and WR.
axial force acting on the pinion shaft
m used for transmitting power at high velocity ratios
between non-intersecting shafts that are generally,
but not necessarily, at right angles
î 



à
 


D 


 

m Straight face worm gear :-it is used for light
service
m Hobbed straight face worm gear:-its teeth are cut
with a hob, after which the outer surface is turned.
m —oncave face worm gear:-used for all heavy
service and general industrial uses.
m a 
  It is also known as linear pitch of a
worm. It is the distance measured axially(i.e.
parallel to the axis of worm) from a point on one
thread to the corresponding point on the adjacent
thread on the worm
m It is the angle between the tangent to the
thread helix on the pitch cylinder andthe plane
normal to the axis of the worm
m |
|. It is the angle between the tangent to
the thread helix on the pitch cylinder and the plane
normal to the axis of the worm
`he lead angle (Ȝ) may vary from 9° to 45°.
or a compact design, the lead angle may be determined by the following
relation, 


where !





Y









6





Y






Recommended values of lead angle and pressure angle

'

  It is the distance measured along the normal to the threads
between two corresponding points on two adjacent threads of the worm.
Mathematically,
ormal pitch, Y 
Y

"
m %
 
 It is the angle between the tangent to
the thread helix on the pitch cylinder and the axis
of the worm
†W + Ȝ = 90°
m  

 It is the ratio of the speed of worm
(6  Y  

Y

 
 
(!
 Y
empirical relation for the values of ȝ,
`he load stress factor is given in design data books
`he heat dissipating capacity depends upon
'Area of the housing (a
'`emperature difference between the housing surface and
surrounding air (

#  

'—onductivity of the material (

heat dissipating capacity

m otes :
ƒ `he maximum temperature (t2 ± t1) should not
exceed 27 to 38°—
ƒ `he maximum temperature of the lubricant should
not exceed 60°—.
ƒ According to A MA recommendations, the limiting
input power of a plain worm gear unit from the
standpoint of heat dissipation, for worm gear speeds
up to 2000 r.p.m. may be checked from the following
relation«.
 `angential force on the worm

Axial force or thrust on the worm

Radial or separating force on the worm
m In designing a worm and worm gear, the quantities
like the power transmitted, speed, velocity ratio
and the centre distance between the shafts are
usually given and the quantities such as lead
angle, lead and number of threads on the worm
are to be determined
 the centre distance

`he centre distance may be expressed in

terms of the axial lead (




"


„
 
ratio (
`he lowest point on the curve may be determined mathematically by
differentiating the equation with respect to Ȝ and equating to zero, i.e.