Cell Structure and

Function
Chapter 4
 Early Discoveries
 Mid 1600s - Robert Hooke observed
and described cells in cork
 Late 1600s - Antony van
Leeuwenhoek observed sperm,
microorganisms
 1820s - Robert Brown observed and
named nucleus in plant cells
Early Microscopes

Do not post
on Internet

Hooke’s compound microscope & his drawings 

Van Leeuwenhoek

Do not post
on Internet

Antony van Leeuwenhoek 

Developing Cell Theory

 Matthias Schleiden
 Theodor Schwann
 Rudolf Virchow
 Cell Theory

1) Every organism is composed of one

or more cells
2) Cell is smallest unit having
properties of life
3) Continuity of life arises from growth
and division of single cells
 Cell
 Smallest unit of life
 Cansurvive on its own or has
potential to do so
 Is highly organized for metabolism
 Senses and responds to environment
 Has potential to reproduce
 Question 1
 1.What are three characteristics of
cells?
 Answer 1
 1. What are three characteristics of cells?
 Smallest unit of life
 Can survive on its own or has potential to
do so
 Is highly organized for metabolism
 Senses and responds to environment
 Has potential to reproduce
 Question 2
 2.What are two tenants of the cell
theory?
 Answer 2
 2. What are two tenants of the cell theory?
1) Every organism is composed of one
or more cells
2) Cell is smallest unit having
properties of life
3) Continuity of life arises from growth
and division of single cells
 Structure of Cells
All start out life
Two types:
with:
– Prokaryotic
– Plasma
membrane – Eukaryotic
– Region where
DNA is stored
– Cytoplasm
 Lipid Bilayer

 Main component of cell membranes

 Givesthe membrane its fluid
properties
 Two layers of phospholipids

one layer
of lipids
one layer
of lipids
Figure 4.3
Page 56
 Membrane Proteins
Recognition Receptor
protein protein

extracellular
environment

lipid bilayer

cytoplasm

Protein Protein Protein pump

pump across channel
bilayer across bilayer Figure 4.4
Page 57
 Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
 Disease characteristics: (AIS)
typically includes evidence of
feminization; and abnormal
secondary sexual development in
puberty, and infertility.
 Cause: Gene for testosterone
recognition malfunctions (recognition
protein doesn’t work)
 “Genetic males” are feminized
  “Women with AIS look and feel like typical women, and in
every practical, social, legal, and everyday sense they are women, even
though congenitally they have testes and XY chromosomes, and can never
bear children. The fact that a "woman" has AIS and is genetically a "male"
is often not discovered until puberty, when she does not start to
menstruate and a gynecological examination reveals the syndrome.”

http://transwoman.tripod.com/ais.htm Beauty queen Janel Bishop,

Miss Teen USA 1991,
 Plasma Membrane Video
 http://video.yahoo.com/video/play?p=pl
http://video.yahoo.com/video/play?p=p
 Why Are Cells So Small?
 Surface-to-volume ratio
 The bigger a cell is, the less surface
area there is per unit volume
 Above a certain size, material cannot
be moved in or out of cell fast
enough
 Question 3
 3. What the two general cell types?
 Answer 3
 3. What the two general cell types?

Two types:
– Prokaryotic
– Eukaryotic
 Microscopes
 Create detailed images of something
that is otherwise too small to see
 Light microscopes
– Simple or compound
 Electron microscopes
– Transmission EM or Scanning EM
 Limitations of Light Microscopy
 Wavelengths of light are 400-750 nm

 Ifa structure is less than one-half of

a wavelength long, it will not be
visible

 Lightmicroscopes can resolve

objects down to about 200 nm in
size
 Electron Microscopy
 Uses streams of accelerated
electrons rather than light

 Electronsare focused by magnets

rather than glass lenses

 Can resolve structures down to 0.5

nm
 Eukaryotic Cells
 Have a nucleus and
other organelles
 Eukaryotic organisms

– Plants
– Animals
– Protistans
– Fungi
 Animal Cell Features

 Plasma
membrane
 Nucleus

 Ribosomes

 Endoplasmic
reticulum
 Golgi body

 Vesicles

 Mitochondria
Figure 4.10b
 Cytoskeleton Page 61
 Plant Cell Features

 Plasma  Cell wall

membrane  Central vacuole
 Nucleus  Chloroplast
 Ribosomes

 Endoplasmic
reticulum
 Golgi body

 Vesicles

 Mitochondria
Figure 4.10a
 Cytoskeleton Page 61
 Functions of Nucleus
 Keepsthe DNA molecules of
eukaryotic cells separated from
metabolic machinery of cytoplasm

 Makes it easier to organize DNA and

to copy it before parent cells divide
into daughter cells
 Components of Nucleus

nuclear envelope

nucleoplasm

nucleolus

chromatin

Figure 4.11b
Page 62
 Nuclear Envelope
 Two outer membranes (lipid bilayers)
 Innermost surface has DNA attachment
sites
Nuclear pore bilayer facing cytoplasm Nuclear envelope

bilayer facing
nucleoplasm

Figure 4.12b
Page 63
 Cytomembrane System
 Group of related organelles in which
lipids are assembled and new
polypeptide chains are modified

 Productsare sorted and shipped to

various destinations
Components of Cytomembrane
System
Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi bodies

Vesicles
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
 In animal cells, continuous with
nuclear membrane
 Extends throughout cytoplasm
 Two regions - rough and smooth
Endoplasmic Reticulum Video
 Golgi Body
 Puts finishing touches on proteins
and lipids that arrive from ER
 Packages finished material for
shipment to final destinations
 Material arrives and leaves in vesicles

budding
vesicle

Figure 4.15
Page 65
 Golgi Body Video
 http://www.biologymad.com/resources/g
 Vesicles

 Membranous sacs that

move through
cytoplasm
 Lysosomes

 Peroxisomes
 Lysosomes
 Lysosomes are membranous sacs of
hydrolytic enzymes.

Made by the endoplasmic reticulum

and Golgi complex.
 Formed by budding Golgi complex.
 Lysosomes recycle the cell's
organic material auto-digesting
organelles
 A Lysosomal Disease
 People with Gaucher disease lack the normal
form of the glucocerebrosidase enzyme. This
defect doesn’t allow macrophages to digest
old, spent cells.
 These undigested cells accumulate and are
“stored” in various parts of the body. Hence the
name “storage disease”.
 If the central nervous system is affected, death
may ensue.
 Gaucher patients can receive enzyme
replacement infusions. Not effective in the brain.
Mitochondria

 ATP-producing powerhouses
 Membranes form two distinct
compartments
 ATP-making machinery
embedded in inner
mitochondrial membrane
 Mitochondria Video
 “Interactive Concepts in Biology” CD
 Chapter 4
 Mitochondrial Origins

 Mitochondria resemble bacteria

– Have own DNA, ribosomes

– Divide on their own

 May have evolved from ancient
bacteria that were engulfed but not
digested
 Mitochondrial Disease
 MELAS is an acronym for Mitochondrial
myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis,
Stroke-like episodes.
 Brain dysfunction (encephalopathy)
 Seizures and headaches
 Muscle disease with a build-up of lactic acid in the
blood
 Temporary local paralysis (stroke-like episodes)
 Abnormal thinking (dementia).
 There is no known treatment for the underlying
disease

http://www.medicinenet.com/melas_syndrome/article.htm
 Specialized Plant Organelles

 Plastids

 Central Vacuole
 Chloroplasts

Convert sunlight energy to ATP

through photosynthesis
 Cyclosis
 http://video.yahoo.com/video/play?p=C
 Other Plastids
 Chromoplasts

– No chlorophyll
– Abundance of carotenoids
– Color fruits and flowers red to yellow
 Amyloplasts

– No pigments
– Store starch
 Cytoskeleton
 Present in all eukaryotic cells

 Basis
for cell shape and internal
organization

 Allows organelle movement within

cells and, in some cases, cell motility
 Cytoskeletal Elements

intermediate
filament
microtubule

microfilament
 tubulin
Microtubules subunit

 Largest elements
 Composed of tubulin
 Arise from microtubule
organizing centers
(MTOCs)
 Involved in shape,
motility, cell division

Figure 4.21
Page 71
Microtubule Formation Video
– http://video.yahoo.com/video/play?p=micro
 Microfilaments
 Thinnest elements
 Composed of actin
 Take part in
movement, formation,
and maintenance of
actin
cell shape subunit

Figure 4.21
Page 71
 Intermediate Filaments
 Only in animal
cells of certain
tissues
 Moststable
cytoskeletal one
elements polypeptide
chain
 Six
known
groups
Figure 4.21
Page 71
 Motor Proteins

 Kinesins and dyneins move along

microtubules
 Myosins move along microfilaments

kinesin

microtubule

Figure 4.24b, Page 72

 Motor Proteins
A motor is a device that consumes
energy in one form and converts it
into motion (mechanical energy )
 Molecular motors convert the
chemical energy present in ATP into
mechanical energy
 Motors are often superior to
currently available man-made
motors
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_protein
Kinesin (Stopped here 9/4 *biol)

http://fondazione-elba.org/nsito/abstract/37.htm
 Question 4
 4.Name three types of cytoskeletal
elements.
 Answer 4
 4.Name three types of cytoskeletal
elements.

 Microtubules

 Microfilaments

 Intermediate filaments
 Question 5
 5.
What are two motor proteins and
what do they do?
 Answer 5
 5.What are two motor proteins and
what do they do?
 Kinesins and dyneins move along
microtubules
 Myosins move along
microfilaments
 Flagella and Cilia
 Structures
microtubule
for
cell motility
9 + 2 internal
structure

Figure 4.25 dynein

Page 73
 Flagella Video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E
1L27sUzwQ0
 Plant Cell Walls

Secondary cell wall

(3 layers)

Primary cell wall

 Plant Cuticle
 Cell
secretions and waxes
accumulate at plant cell surface

 Semitransparent

 Restricts water loss

 Question 6
 6.Name two organelles that plant
cells have that animals don’t have.
 Answer 6
 6. Name two organelles that plant cells
have that animals don’t have.

 Cell walls
 Plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts,
and amyloplasts)
 Central Vacuole
Matrixes between Animal Cells
 Animal cells have no cell walls
 Some are surrounded by a matrix
of cell secretions and other
material
 Cell-to-Cell Junctions

 Plants
plasmodesma
– Plasmodesmata
 Animals

– Tight junctions
– Adhering
junctions
– Gap junctions
 Animal Cell Junctions

tight
junctions
gap
adhering junction
junction
 Prokaryotic Cells

 Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

 DNA is not enclosed in nucleus
 Generally the smallest, simplest
cells
 No membrane-bound organelles
 Prokaryotic Structure

pilus

cytoplasm
with ribosomes
DNA

flagellum capsule
cell plasma
wall membrane