SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution, Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)

Kuniamuthur, Coimbatore – 641008

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

18EC511-COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Presented by,
Mr. S.KARTHIKEYAN,
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology
Kuniamuthur, Coimbatore-641008

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Course Contents
Module 1: Signal Analysis & Noise Analysis
Communication Process- Sources of Information- Communication Channels- Modulation
Process- Types of Communication. External Noise- Internal Noise- White Noise- Narrow Band
Noise- Representation of Narrow Band noise in phase and Quadrature Components- Noise
Figure- Noise Bandwidth- Noise Temperature.
 
Module 2: Analog communication
AM – Frequency spectrum – power relations – generation of AM – DSB, DSB/SC, SSB, VSB -
AM Transmitter & Receiver; FM and PM – frequency spectrum – power relations: NBFM &
WBFM, Generation of FM and DM, Amstrong method.
 
Module 3: Digital communication
Pulse modulation – concepts of sampling and sampling theorems, PAM, PWM, PPM,
PTM, quantization and coding: DCM, DM, slope overload error. ADM, DPCM, OOK systems –
ASK, FSK, PSK, BPSK, QPSK, applications of Data communication. Introduction to Mobile
communication and Satellite communication.
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Course Outcomes:

C511.1 Recall the basic principle of communication system.

C511.2 Summarize the basics of noise

Analyze different modulation and demodulation
C511.3
techniques used in analog communication

Infer the different modulation and demodulation

C511.4
schemes for digital communications.
C511.5 Apply the data communications in various fields
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Books to be referred
• Simon S. Haykin, “An Introduction to Analog and Digital
Communications”, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2009.

• John G.Proakis and Masoud Salehi, “Communication Systems

Engineering”, Pearson Education, 2015.

• B. Carlson, “Introduction to Communication Systems” (4/e),

McGraw-Hill, 2009.

• Taub & Schiling “Principles of Communication Systems”, Tata

McGraw Hill 2014.

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 MODULE 2

Analog communication

Topic: 2.3 - AM Transmitter & Receiver

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AM Transmitter

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AM Transmitter
• AM transmitter takes the audio signal as an input and
delivers amplitude modulated wave to the antenna as an
output to be transmitted.

• The block diagram of AM transmitter is shown in the

following figure.

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AM Transmitter

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AM Transmitter
The working of AM transmitter can be explained as
follows.

• The audio signal from the output of the microphone is

sent to the pre-amplifier, which boosts the level of the
modulating signal.

• The RF oscillator generates the carrier signal.

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AM Transmitter
• Both the modulating and the carrier signal is sent to AM
modulator.

• Power amplifier is used to increase the power levels of

AM wave. This wave is finally passed to the antenna to
be transmitted.

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AM Transmitter
Pre-amplifier

• The audio signal to be transmitted is obtained from the

microphone. The Pre-amplifier amplifies the voltage of this signal.

• This amplification is necessary to drive the audio power amplifier.

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AM Transmitter
RF oscillator
• The oscillator generates the carrier signal, which lies in the RF range.
• The frequency of the carrier is always very high. Because it is very difficult to
generate high frequencies with good frequency stability, the carrier oscillator
generates a sub multiple with the required carrier frequency.
• This sub multiple frequency is multiplied by the frequency multiplier stage to
get the required carrier frequency.
• Further, a crystal oscillator can be used in this stage to generate a low
frequency carrier with the best frequency stability.
• The frequency multiplier stage then increases the frequency of the carrier to
its required value.

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 AM Transmitter
Power Amplifier
• The modulating audio signal and the carrier signal are applied to this modulating
stage. The modulation takes place at this stage.
• The power of the carrier signal is then amplified in the power amplifier stage.
This is the basic requirement of a high-level transmitter.
• A class C power amplifier gives high power current pulses of the carrier signal at
its output.
• The class C amplifier also amplifies the power of the AM signal to the reacquired
transmitting power.
• This signal is finally passed to the antenna., which radiates the signal into space
of transmission.

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AM Receiver

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 Requirements of a Receiver

AM receiver receives AM wave and demodulates it by using the

envelope detector.

Similarly, FM receiver receives FM wave and demodulates it by

using the Frequency Discrimination method. Following are the
requirements of both AM and FM receiver.

• It should be cost-effective.

• It should receive the corresponding modulated waves. 15

Requirements of a Receiver
• The receiver should be able to tune and amplify the
desired station.

• It should have an ability to reject the unwanted stations.

• Demodulation has to be done to all the station signals,

irrespective of the carrier signal frequency.

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 AM Receiver
• The AM super heterodyne receiver takes the amplitude modulated wave
as an input and produces the original audio signal as an output. 

• Selectivity is the ability of selecting a particular signal, while rejecting

the others. 

• Sensitivity is the capacity of detecting RF signal and demodulating it,

while at the lowest power level.

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AM Receiver

• Radio amateurs are the initial radio receivers. However,

they have drawbacks such as poor sensitivity and
selectivity.

• To overcome these drawbacks, super

heterodyne receiver was invented. The block diagram of
AM receiver is shown in the following figure.
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AM Receiver

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AM Receiver - RF Tuner Section

• The amplitude modulated wave received by the antenna is

first passed to the tuner circuit through a transformer. The
tuner circuit is nothing but a LC circuit, which is also called
as resonant or tank circuit.

• It selects the frequency, desired by the AM receiver. It also

tunes the local oscillator and the RF filter at the same time.

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AM Receiver - RF Tuner Section
• The purpose of this is to reject the signals on the image frequency and
accept those on the wanted frequency.
• It must also be able to track the local oscillator so that as the receiver is
tuned, so the RF tuning remains on the required frequency.
• Its main purpose is to reject signals on the image frequency which is at a
frequency equal to twice that of the IF away from the wanted frequency.
• As the tuning within this block provides all the rejection for the image
response, it must be at a sufficiently sharp to reduce the image to an
acceptable level.

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AM Receiver - RF Mixer
• The signal from the tuner output is sent to the RF-IF converter, which acts
as a mixer. It has a local oscillator, which produces a constant frequency.

• The mixing process is done here, having the received signal as one input
and the local oscillator frequency as the other input.

• The performance of the mixer is crucial to many elements of the overall

receiver performance.

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AM Receiver - RF Mixer
• The resultant output is a mixture of two frequencies

produced by the mixer, which is called as the Intermediate

Frequency (IF).

• The production of IF helps in the demodulation of any station signal

having any carrier frequency. Hence, all signals are translated to a
fixed carrier frequency for adequate selectivity.

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AM Receiver - IF Filter

• Intermediate frequency filter is a band pass filter, which

passes the desired frequency.

• It eliminates all other unwanted frequency components

present in it.

• This is the advantage of IF filter, which allows only IF

frequency.
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AM Receiver - AM Demodulator

• The received AM wave is now demodulated using AM

demodulator.

• This demodulator uses the envelope detection process

to receive the modulating signal.

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AM Receiver – Audio Amplifier

• This is the power amplifier stage, which is used to

amplify the detected audio signal.

• The processed signal is strengthened to be effective.

This signal is passed on to the loudspeaker to get the
original sound signal.

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FM Transmitter

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FM Transmitter
• FM transmitter is the whole unit, which takes the audio
signal as an input and delivers FM wave to the antenna as
an output to be transmitted.

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FM Transmitter
The working of FM transmitter can be explained as follows.

• The audio signal from the output of the microphone is sent to the pre-
amplifier, which boosts the level of the modulating signal.

• This signal is then passed to high pass filter, which acts as a pre-
emphasis network to filter out the noise and improve the signal to
noise ratio. Pre-emphasis refers to boosting the relative amplitudes of
the modulating voltage for higher audio frequencies

• This signal is further passed to the FM modulator circuit. 29

 FM Transmitter
• The oscillator circuit generates a high frequency carrier, which is
sent to the modulator along with the modulating signal.

• Several stages of frequency multiplier are used to increase the

operating frequency.

• Even then, the power of the signal is not enough to transmit.

Hence, a RF power amplifier is used at the end to increase the
power of the modulated signal. This FM modulated output is finally
passed to the antenna to be transmitted.
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FM Receiver

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FM Receiver

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FM Receiver
• This block diagram of FM receiver is similar to the block
diagram of AM receiver.

• The two blocks Amplitude limiter and De-emphasis

network are included before and after FM demodulator.

• The operation of the remaining blocks is the same as

that of AM receiver.
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FM Receiver
• We know that in FM modulation, the amplitude of FM wave remains
constant.

• However, if some noise is added with FM wave in the channel, due

to that the amplitude of FM wave may vary.

• Thus, with the help of amplitude limiter we can maintain the

amplitude of FM wave as constant by removing the unwanted
peaks of the noise signal.
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FM Receiver
• In FM transmitter, we have seen the pre-emphasis network (High pass filter),
which is present before FM modulator. This is used to improve the SNR of high
frequency audio signal.

• The reverse process of pre-emphasis is known as de-emphasis. De-emphasis

means attenuating those frequencies by the amount by which they are
boosted.

• The purpose is to improve the signal-to-noise ratio for FM reception.

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FM Receiver
• Thus, in this FM receiver, the de-emphasis network (Low
pass filter) is included after FM demodulator.

• This signal is passed to the audio amplifier to increase the

power level.

• Finally, we get the original sound signal from the

loudspeaker.
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THANK YOU

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