Functions, Domain and Range

• Function
• Graph of Simple Functions
• Vertical Line Test
• Piecewise-Defined Functions
• Shifting Graph of a Function
• Domain and Range of Functions
# What is Function?
Almost anything can view as a function.
The value of ‘f’
or (more specifically)
The Image of x under ‘f’

e.g. f(x) = x + 2 f(1) =3, f(2)=4

# Is it only an Equation?
Function is most general thing than an equation.

 1 f(−3)= −1,
 x2 ; x  2
 2
f  x   x  6 ;  2  x  3 f(0)= −6,
 x6 ; x3
 f(10)= 4

 Representation of Function:
function

dependent
y = f(x)
Input/ independent variable /
Variable of ‘f’ Argument of ‘f’

Definition of Function:
If a variable ‘x‘ in such way that each value of x
determines or gives exactly one value of ‘y’ , then
we say that “y is a function of x”. We can write
function as y = f(x).
if x is real, then f is called real
valued function.
y = f(x)
if x is complex, then f is called
complex valued function.
Graph of Simple Functions:
Absolute Value Function:
Definition: Piecewise defined function
A Piecewise function is a function that is defined on a sequence
of intervals. breakpoints

(─∞, 0)
[0, 1]
(0, +∞)
Vertical Line Test:

this curve cannot be

a graph of a function.
Shifting a Graph of a Function:
# Sketch the graph of the function y  x  2  1

Solution:
y = f(x + h) +k and h= −2 , k = −1

Sketch : y = I x- 3 I + 2
 Some Graphs
.
Domain and Range of a Function:
set of all allowable inputs
is called Domain; Df

y = f(x)
set of all outputs is called Range; Rf

Definition of Domain and Range:

Let y = f (x) is a function, then the set of all allowable inputs ( x- values)
is called the ‘Domain of f ’, and the set of all outputs ( y- values) that
result when x- varies over domain is called the ‘Range of f ’. Generally,
domain of f (x) denoted by Df and range of f (x) denoted by Rf

Example: f(x) = x+1 Domain, Df = ℝ or, {x: x ∈ ℝ }

Range, Rf = ℝ or, {y: y ∈ ℝ }

Find Domain and Range:
# Find the domain and range of the function y = I x I.
Solution:
The function y = I xI is define for every real value of x i.e x ∈ ℝ. So domain
Df = ℝ or, { x : x ∈ ℝ }
Again, for every real value of x the out put of the function y = I xI is a
non-negative real number. So, range
Rf = { y : 0 ≤ y < ∞ } or, [0, ∞) ▄

# Find the domain and range of the function y = 1− x2

Solution:
Since y = f (x) is defined for all x ∈ ℝ,.
∴ Domain , Df = ℝ or, {x: x ∈ ℝ }

Since x2 ≥ 0, therefore the maximum value of y = f (x) is 1.

∴ Range , Rf = (− ∞, 1) ▄
# Sketch the graph and find domain & range of the function f(x) = 1+
x2
Solution:
Here function y = f (x) is defined for every x ∈ ℝ .
∴ Domain of f, Df = ℝ

For every x ∈ ℝ , the minimum value of the

function is 1 and maximum value is ‘infinity’.
So, range of f, Rf = [1, ∞) ▄

# Sketch the graph and find the domain

and range of the function f  x    x
Solution:
The function y = f (x) is defined for every
value of x if − x ≥ 0, ⇒ x ≤ 0 .
∴ Domain, Df = (− ∞, 0]
For every x ∈ (− ∞, 0), we get y ≥ 0.
∴ Range, Rf = [0, ∞) ▄
# Sketch and find the domain and range of the function
 x ; 0  x 1
f  x  
2  x ; 1  x  2
Solution:
Here the function y = f(x) is defined for
0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 1 < x ≤ 2.

∴ Domain, Df = [0, 1]∪ (1, 2]

= [0, 2]

For every x ∈ [0, 2], the minimum value of y is 0 and maximum value is 1.
∴ Range, Rf = [0, 1] ▄
# Sketch and find the domain and range of the function
3  x ; x  1
F  x  
 2x ; x  1
Solution:
Here the function y = F(x) is defined for x ≥ 1 and x < 1.

∴ Domain, DF = (− ∞, 1) ∪ [1, ∞)
= (− ∞, ∞)
For every x ∈ (− ∞, ∞), the minimum
value of y is 2 and maximum
value is ‘infinity’.
∴ Range, RF= [2, ∞) ▄