Pengantar Komputer dan Software 1

Imam Prabowo

Program Sarjana

Institut Teknologi Sumatra

 Introduction
Tujuan pembelajaran
❖Mahasiswa mampu memahami konsep dasar yang
berkaitan dengan infrastruktur komputer dan internet
❖Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan aplikasi teknologi
informasi pada kehidupan sehari – hari
❖Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan tentang etika dan sikap
terhadap penggunaan teknologi informasi dan terkait
keberlangsungannya terhadap lingkungan
❖Mahasiswa mampu menerapkan penggunaan Office Tools
untuk pengolahan dokumen teks dan data spreadsheet
❖Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan proses analisis data
berbasis statistik deskriptif dari data yang diperoleh
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 HISTORY OF THE
INTERNET

What is the “internet”?

The Internet is a global
information network that
connects millions of computers It
is growing exponentially and
provides a unique information
resource that is global, diverse
and current.

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 Internet in the 1950’s

The Internet has no single

“inventor.” Instead, it has
evolved over time.
The Internet got its start in the
United States more than 50
years ago as a government
weapon in the Cold War.
Scientists and researchers used it to communicate and
share data with one another through what was
known as DARPNET(Defense’s Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network).
This was in response to the Soviet Union bombings
and a need to create a communication network which
was free from interference and disruption.

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 Internet in the 1960’s
In 1962, a scientist from M.I.T. and DARPA named J.C.R.
Licklider proposed : a “galactic network” of computers
that could talk to one another. Such a network would
enable government leaders to communicate even if the
Soviets destroyed the telephone system.
In 1965, another M.I.T. scientist developed a way of
sending information from one computer to another that
he called “packet switching.” Packet switching breaks
data down into blocks, or packets, before sending it to its
destination.
Without packet switching, the
government’s computer
network—now known as the
ARPANET—would have been
just as vulnerable to enemy
attacks as the phone system.
In 1969, ARPANET delivered its
first message: a “node-to-node”
communication from one
computer to another but it
crashed the full network. The
internet was yet to be born

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 Internet in the 1970’s
By the end of 1969, just four
computers were connected to
the ARPANET, but the network
grew steadily during the 1970s.
As packet-switched computer
networks multiplied, however, it
became more difficult for them
to integrate into a single
worldwide “Internet.”

By the end of the 1970s, a computer scientist named

Vinton Cerf had begun to solve this problem by
developing a way for all of the computers on all of the TCP/IP was described to be the
world’s mini-networks to communicate with one
“handshake” between
another.
He called his invention “Transmission Control Protocol,”
computers all over the world. It
or TCP. (Later, he added an additional protocol, known enabled each computer to have
as “Internet Protocol.” The acronym we use to refer to its own identity.
these today is TCP/IP.)

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 Internet in the 1980’s
Cerf’s protocol transformed the Internet into a
worldwide
network. Throughout the 1980s, researchers
and
scientists used it to send files and data from one
computer to another.
However, this network was still between
scientists and
researchers from different universities and labs.
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However, in 1991 the Internet
changed again.
Tim Berners-Lee introduced the
World Wide Web: an Internet that
was not simply a way to send files
from one place to another but was
itself a “web” of information that
anyone on the Internet could
retrieve.
Berners-Lee created the first
browser and the Internet that we
know today.
 What is World Wide Web?

• The World Wide Web (WWW) is a network of

online content that is formatted in HTML and
accessed via HTTP. The term refers to all the
interlinked HTML pages that can be accessed over
the Internet.
• It is the way of exchanging information between
the computers on the Internet.
• A document on the web is called Web Page,
identified by a unique address called Uniform
Resource Locator (URL).

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 World Wide Web Components

 Structural Components :
 Clients/Browsers – to dominant
implementations.
 Servers – Run on sophisticated hardware.
 Caches – Many interesting implementations.
 Internet – The global infrastructure which
facilitates
data transfer.

 Semantic Components :
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)
 Extensible Markup Language (XML)
 Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)

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 The Fundamental Concept of
World Wide Web

 The Hypertext Concept :

• Hypertext is text which contains links to other
texts. The term was first coined by Ted Nelson
around 1965 .
 The Hypermedia Concept :
• Hypermedia is term used for Hypertext which
is
not constrained to be text; it can include
video and sound.

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 Con’t
Web Browser :
• A web browser is a software program that allows a user to
access, and display web pages. Browsers are used primarily for
displaying and accessing websites on the internet, as well as
other content created using languages such as Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML) and Extensible Markup Language
(XML).

Web Server :
• This program that waits patiently for the browser to request a
Web Page. The servers looks for the requested information,
retrieves it and send it to the browser or sends an error
message if the file is not found.

 Uniform Resource Locator (URL) :

• These are the web addresses. The resource locator is an
addressing system.

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 Basis Data
Basis data adalah kumpulan data yang disimpan dalam
komputer atau media penyimpanan dengan cara tertentu
sehingga kumpulan data tersebut dapat dengan mudah
untuk digunakan atau ditampilkan

basis data menggunakan

suatu media penyimpanan
(disk) sebagai wadah
untuk menyimpan data.
Data dalam basis data
berbentuk file dalam
komputer yang juga dapat
dikelompokkan sesuai
kebutuhan.

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 Con’t
Untuk dapat mengelola basis data dalam komputer dibutuhkan suatu
perangkat lunak yang disebut sistem manajemen basis data (database
management system, DBMS).
Salah satu DBMS yang paling berkembang dan paling sering digunakan
hingga saat ini adalah DBMS dengan model Relasional atau RDBMS
(Relational Database Management System). Beberapa contoh RDBMS
diantaranya : MySQL, Ms. Access, Oracle, Foxpro dan PostgreSQL.

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 Komponen Basis Data
Perangkat keras (hardware). Perangkat keras yang biasanya
terdapat dalam sistem basis data adalah : Komputer, memori
(tempat menyimpanan) dan perangkat komunikasi (untuk
sistem jaringan).

Sistem Operasi (operating system). Sistem operasi merupakan perangkat

lunak sistem yang mengelola sumber daya perangkat keras dan perangkat
lunak aplikasi didalamnya. Sistem operasi berperan sebagai jembatan
antara pengguna dengan perangkat keras ataupun perangkat lunak aplikasi
11

komputer sehingga pengguna dapat mengoperasikan komputer. Sistem

operasi yang banyak digunakan diantaranya adalah sistem operasi Microsoft
Windows dan Linux.

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 Con’t
Perangkat Lunak (software). Perangkat lunak digunakan untuk
mendukung proses pengelolaan basis data. Misalnya Sistem Informasi
Akademik berbasis web, dalam proses pembuatannya tidak cukup hanya
menggunakan DBMS MySQL, tetapi diperlukan software bahasa
pemrograman ASP, PHP atau Javascript dan software lain untuk membuat
desain tampilannya.

Suatu sistem basis data terbentuk dari satu basis data atau
lebih yang didalamnya terdapat objek-objek basis data,
seperti tabel, query, indeks dan lain-lain

Sistem Pengelola Basis Data (Database Management System) atau DBMS.

Merupakan perangkat lunak khusus yang berfungsi untuk mengorganisasi,
menyimpan dan mengelola data. Beberapa perangkat lunak yang termasuk
DBMS adalah : Oracle, MySql dan Ms.Access

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 Con’t

Pemakai (user), yaitu pengguna yang terlibat dalam

pengelolaan dan penggunaan basis data.

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 Pustaka

[1] “Brief History of the Internet,” Internet Society. .

[2] S. Ruthfield, “The Internet’s history and development: from wartime tool to fish-cam,”
Crossroads, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 2–4, Sep. 1995.
[3] J. C. R. Licklider, “Man-Computer Symbiosis,” IRE Trans. Hum. Factors Electron., vol.
HFE-1, no. 1, pp. 4–11, Mar. 1960.
[4] D. M. Yates, Turing’s legacy: a history of computing at the National Physical
Laboratory 1945 - 1995. London: Science Museum, 1997.
[5] B.-K. Kim, Internationalizing the Internet: the co-evolution of influence and technology.
2005.
[6] “Web History Timeline | Pew Research Center.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.pewinternet.org/2014/03/11/world-wide-web-timeline/. [Accessed: 01-Jul-
2019].
[7] “Tim Berners-Lee: WorldWideWeb, the first Web client.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb.html. [Accessed: 01-Jul-2019].
[8] C. J. Date, An introduction to database systems, 8th ed. Boston: Pearson/Addison
Wesley, 2004.
[9] L. Liu and M. T. Özsu, Eds., Encyclopedia of database systems. New York: Springer,
2009.

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