METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Typical Oil Patch Alloys

The choice depends upon
Carbon the application
Steels
environment

Low corrosion

Oil Intermediate corrosion

Field
Alloys High corrosion

Nickel Stainless
Alloys Steels

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

What makes stainless steels

corrosion resistant?

Thin Oxide
Stainless Steels
Steels Layer
Fe-base; Cr > 10%

Duplex/su 17-4PH
316 414 F6NM per
duplex
Base Metal What corrodes?: the Fe base metal
corrodes in the presence of air, so
a thin Cr-oxide layer eats up the
oxygen and prevents any
penetrating further in.

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Typical Stainless Steels

Stainless
Except
steelsfor
Grade have
Most316,
C a
ofthe
thecontent
stainless
Mn alloys
Cr Ni Mo
high content
of nickel
of Cr have
above
is generally
low molylow
contents.
Except for the martensitic
10% & for the
Austenitic 316duplex0.08
alloys
Low moly2.00implies low
16.0- the10.0-
stainless; carbon 2.0-
above 20% Max pitting resistance.
Max content
18.0 is generally
14.0 very 3.0
low.

Ferritic 430 0.12 1.00 16.0- - -

Max Max 18.0

Martensitic 410 0.15 1.00 11.5- - -

Max Max 13.5

Duplex 2205 0.03 2.00 21.0- 4.5-6.5 2.5-

Max Max 23.0 3.5

Precipitation 17-4 0.07 1.00 15.0- 3.00- -

Hardenable Max Max 17.5 5.00

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Chemistries define The Structure of

Stainless Alloys

Ni
Ni equivalents or g-stabilizer Mn
FCC crystal structure Co

Cr
Cr equivalents or a-stabilizer Si
BCC crystal structure Mo
Nb

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Compare these two stainless alloy

compositions
316L Stainless
410 Stainless steel Steel
Element %’age Element %’age
C .1 C .03
Cr 12.5 Cr 18
Ni - Ni 12
Mo - Mo 3
Balance Fe Balance Fe

a-stabilizers
martensitic gaustenitic
-stabilizers
Go into solution in the BCC Go into solution in the FCC
crystal structure crystal structure

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Relationship
Consider abetween composition
duplex stainless steeland
structure
Why is (Schaeffler diagram)
it called duplex?
Grade C Mn Cr Ni Mo
Creq = %Cr + 1.5 X %Si + %Mo
Duplex 2205 0.03 2.00 21.0- 4.5-6.5 2.5-
Nieq = %Ni + 30(%C+%N)
Max + 0.5Max
X (%Mn 23.0
+ %Cu + %Co) 3.5
Creq = %Cr + 1.5 X %Si + %Mo = 26.5 316
Stainless
Nieq = %Ni + 30(%C+%N) + 0.5 X (%Mn + %CuSteel
+ %Co) = 6.5
(18%Cr & 12% NI)

Austenite

Ferrite
410
Stainless Steel
(12%Cr & 0% NI)

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Pitting Corrosion a concern when

dealing with Stainless Steels
Pitting occurs when surface of stainless is damaged
subsea. Passive layer cannot reform.
The positively
charged pits
attract the
chlorine ions that
can combine with
the (OH) to form
HCL or
hydrochloric acid.

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

PREN %Cr + 3.3(%Mo) + 30(%N)

Grade Cr Mo N PREN
304 Stainless
steel cannot be
Austenitics used subsea
dueStainless
316 to poor
pitting
can only be
304 18.5 - .11
resistance
used max
subsea 18.5
with CP
protection
316 18 2 .11 max 22
Duplex
can only be
Duplex used subsea
Super
with Duplex
CP
Can be used
protection
2205 22 3 .22
subsea without 35
CP protection

2507 25 3.5 .25 >40

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

How does Mo, Cr & N increase pitting corrosion

resistance?

Molybdate ions are oxides of molybdenum.

These form on the surface of the pit and can act
to raise the ph in that are oounter acting a and
hence halt corrosion by allowing the
reformation of the Cr oxide film.

M
M
o
o M M N
N
M M
o M
M o
o M
M o
o
o
o
o
Acidic conditions in the pit activate
corrosion & the loss of iron ions

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Case Study: Noble Aseng 2011 SCM duplex control lines

leaking after pressure tests
Note ferrite structure in weld & duplex
Cross section across weld shows
Note hydraulic austenite/ferrite structure in base metal.
Autogenous welding is done withoutcracks
filler metal
which were using
source ofonly
leaks the TIG torch to join two tubing
control line tubing
made out of super ends. Ferrite
SCM activates
duplex stainless hydraulics in Trees.
steel. If there is leak, the
equipment is Duplex
essentially paralyzed.

Contrast to the what the weld/base metal structure

High heat
should
input at low speeds stabilizes look like
under standard circumstances. ferritic phase

Control line tubing

is bent & welded to
in various places as
shown. Leaking
was found to occur
at these weld
joints.

Cause of failure was welding procedure

which stabilized ferritic phase which is
susceptible to HISC.

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Common Issues with Stainless

Steels
Sigma (σ)

Sensitization (M23C6)
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