Database Analysis-Unit-1I

Course Name: Faculty Name:

Database Zaiba Khan
Management
System Assistant
Branch- Professor(CSE)
School of
B.Tech V Semester
Engineering &
Course Code: Technology
19007800
 Database Maintenance

◦ Database maintenance is an activity designed to keep a

database running smoothly.

◦ A number of different systems can be used to build and

maintain databases, with one popular example being MYSQL.

◦ Databases are used to maintain a library of information

in a well organized, accessible format.
 Database Maintenance

◦ They usually are not static, however, because changes

are constantly being made as material is added,
removed, and moved around.

◦ People may also change parameters within the

database, decide to use different indexing systems, and
so forth.

◦ Over time, this can cause the database to start to

malfunction.

◦ Database maintenance is used to keep the database

clean and well organized so that it will not lose
functionality.
 Database Maintenance

◦ One important aspect of maintaining a database is

simply backing up the data so that, if anything happens,
there will be another copy available.
◦ Some databasing systems actually do this automatically,
sending a backup to another location every day, every
week, or within any other set period of time.

◦ Database maintenance includes

 checking for signs of corruption in the database,
 looking for problem areas,
 rebuilding indexes,
 removing duplicate records, and
 checking for any abnormalities in the database
that might signal a problem.
 Database Maintenance

◦ The goal is to keep the database operating smoothly for

users, so that ideally they never need to think about
maintenance issues. A database that is not maintained
can become sluggish, and people may start to experience
problems when trying to access records.
 ER-Model

 ERModel is used to model the logical view of the

system from data perspective which consists of
these components:

Entity, Entity Type, Entity Set –

 An Entity may be an object with a physical

existence – a particular person, car, house, or
employee – or it may be an object with a
conceptual existence – a company, a job, or a
university course
 ER-Model
 An Entity is an object of Entity Type and set of
all entities is called as entity set. e.g.; E1 is an
entity having Entity Type Student and set of all
students is called Entity Set. In ER diagram,
Entity Type is represented as:
 ER-Model(Attributes)

 Attributes are the properties which define the

entity type. For example, Roll_No, Name, DOB,
Age, Address, Mobile_No are the attributes which
defines entity type Student. In ER diagram,
attribute is represented by an oval.
 ER-Model(Attributes)

 Key Attribute –
The attribute which uniquely identifies each
entity in the entity set is called key attribute.
For example, Roll_No will be unique for each
student. In ER diagram, key attribute is
represented by an oval with underlying lines.
 ER-Model(Attributes)

 Composite Attribute –
An attribute composed of many other attribute
is called as composite attribute. For example,
Address attribute of student Entity type consists
of Street, City, State, and Country. In ER
diagram, composite attribute is represented by
an oval comprising of ovals.
 ER-Model(Attributes)

 Multivalued Attribute –
An attribute consisting more than one value for
a given entity. For example, Phone_No (can be
more than one for a given student). In ER
diagram, multivalued attribute is represented by
double oval.
 ER-Model(Attributes)

 Derived Attribute –
An attribute which can be derived from other
attributes of the entity type is known as derived
attribute. e.g.; Age (can be derived from DOB). In
ER diagram, derived attribute is represented by
dashed oval.
 ER-Model(Attributes)

 The complete entity type Student with its

attributes can be represented as: