Microprocessors and

Microcontrollers
Syllabus
 CP356: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
CREDITS =6 (L=4, T=0, P=2)
• (Prerequisite: EL206 Digital Circuits)
1. Introduction to Microcontrollers : Intel 8051 architecture. Software
architecture. details of SFRs. Port structures. External memory
interface. Interrupt. Serial and Timer/counters facility. Instruction set
and programming of 8051.
2. Programmable I/O ports: Study of Intel 8255 in modes 0, 1 and 2.
Interface of A/D and D/A converters with microcontroller and related
Software.
3 Memory and device selection : Generation of chip select logic;
address decoding for memory and I/O ports; latching and buffering;
development of a small 8051 based microcomuter system.
4. Study of programmable peripheral controllers : Timer/counter
device Intel 8253; keyboard and display controller Intel 8279.
5. Serial communication : Synchronous and asynchronous
communication. Study of the Western Digital 8250
communication controller. Principle of operation of modems. The
EIA RS-232C serial interface standard.
6. Special purpose and 16 bit microcotrollers
7. Microcontroller applications : Interfacing of input/output devices,
keyboard, switches, seven segment dispaly, LCD display. Design of
microcontroller based systems for industrial applications,
Temperature scanner and weight measurement systems.
Embeded Systems, its hardware and software requirements.
 REFERENCE BOOKS:
• 1. R.S. Gaonkar
Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with 8085A
Penram International
• 2. Muhammad Ali Mazidi
Janice Gillispie Mazidi
The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems
Prentice Hall of India
• 3. Kenneth J. Ayala
The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Programming & Applications
Penram International
• 4. V Udayashankara & M S Mallikarjunaswamy
• 8051 Microcontroller Hardware, software and applications
 CP356: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
CREDITS =6 (L=4, T=0, P=2)

• List of Experiments:
• 1. Programs using arithmetic instructions of 8051
• 2. Programs using logical instructions of 8051
• 3. Programs using control and branch instructions of 8051
• 4. Programs using subroutine instructions of 8051
• 5. Programs using inbuilt timers of 8051
• 6. Programs using inbuilt interrupts of 8051
• 7. Programs using inbuilt interrupts of 8051
• 8. Programs using inbuilt serial facility of 8051
• 9. Interfacing of 8255 with 8051
• 10. Interfacing of 8255 with 8051
• 11. Interfacing of ADC with 8051
• 12. Interfacing of DAC with 8051
 Marks Distribution
• Marks distribution
• 70 + 20 + 10 = 100 (theory)
• 15 (10- Evaluation + 5 - attendance) + 20
(Performance) + 15(Viva) = 50 (Practical)
• Seminar Presentation (In Performance) -> 5
• Class work Notebook(In Evaluation)->3
• Theory Assignments(In Evaluation) -> 2
• Quizzes(In Viva)->5
 Brief Discussion
• What is Computer?
– CPU -> CU + ALU + registers
– Memory -> RAM (2 TYPES)/ ROM(4 TYPES)
– I/P AND O/P DEVICES
 Cont.
• What is Microprocessor?
– 1960s’ CPU – designed with logic gates
– LSI – Large Scale Integration
– SSI to LSI – called Microprocessor
– Microcomputer
– Intel – 4 bit microprocessor 4004 in 1971
– 8 bit microprocessor 8080
– 8-bit 8085 (8 bit data bus + 16 bit address bus)
– 16-bit 8086 (16 bit data bus + 20 bit address bus)
– 16 bit processors – 8088,80186,80188, 80286
– 32 bit processors – 80386 , 80486, 80586 (P)
 Microprocessors:
General-purpose microprocessor
• CPU for Computers
• No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
• Example ： Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0

Many chips on mother’s board

Data Bus
CPU
General-
Serial
Purpose RAM ROM I/O Timer COM
Micro- Port
Port
processor
Address Bus

General-Purpose Microprocessor System

 Limitations of (8085)
Microprocessor
• Operates with Low speed
• Less powerful addressing mode and
instruction set
• Limited no. of 8 bit general purpose registers
• Low memory – 64kbytes addressing
• Requires external memory to execute a
program
• Cannot directly interfaced with I/O devices.
Peripheral chips are needed to interface with
I/O devices
 What is Microcontroller?
• LSI to VLSI – called Microcontroller
• To build Microprocessor, memory and I/O
devices on a single chip
• Components
• Microprocessor
• A/D Converter
• D/A Converter
• Parallel I/O Interface
• Serial I/O Interface
• Timers and Counters
Microcontroller :

• A smaller computer
• On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
• Example ： Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8

CPU RAM ROM

A single chip
Serial
I/O Timer COM
Port
Port
Microcontroller
Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
Microcontroller
Microprocessor • CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and
• CPU is stand-alone, RAM, timer are all on a single chip
ROM, I/O, timer are separate• fix amount of on-chip ROM,
• designer can decide on the RAM, I/O ports
amount of ROM, RAM and • for applications in which cost,
I/O ports.
power and space are critical
• expansive
• single-purpose
• versatility
• general-purpose
Microcontroller vs. Microprocessors
 Cont.
• Which is the first task faced when learning to
use a new computer?
– Internal hardware design (architecture)
– Type, number and size of registers
– Other circuitry
– Hardware and software of microcontroller
 Embedded Computing Systems
• Use a microprocessor or microcontroller to do
one task only
– Printer
• PC used for any number of applications
– Word processor, print-server, bank teller terminal,
video game player, network server, internet terminal
• PC contains or is connected to various embedded
products
– Keyboard, printer, modem, disk controller, sound card,
CD-ROM driver, mouse
 Embedded Products Using Microcontrollers

• Home
– Appliances, intercom, telephones, security
systems, garage door openers, answering
machines, fax machines, home computers, TVs,
cable TV tuner, VCR, camcorder, remote controls,
video games, cellular phones, musical
instruments, sewing machines, lighting control,
paging, camera, pinball machines, toys, exercise
equipment
 Embedded Products Using Microcontrollers

• Office
– Telephones, computers, security systems, fax
machines, microwave, copier, laser printer, color
printer, paging
 Embedded Products Using Microcontrollers

• Auto
– Trip computer, engine control, air bag, ABS,
instrumentation, security system, transmission
control, entertainment, climate control, cellular
phone, keyless entry
 Choosing A Microcontroller
• Computing needs
– Speed, packaging, power consumption, RAM,
ROM, I/O pins, timers, upgrade to high
performance or low-power versions, cost
• Software development tools
– Assembler, C compiler, Simulators
• Availability
 Companies Producing 8051

Company Web Site

Intel www.intel.com/design/mcs51

Atmel www.atmel.com

Philips/Signetics www.semiconductors.philips.com

Siemens www.sci.siemens.com

Dallas Semiconductor www.dalsemi.com

 8051 Family

Feature 8051 8052 8031

ROM (on chip program space in bytes) 4K 8k 0k
RAM (bytes) 128 256 128
Timers 2 3 2
I/O pins 32 32 32
Serial port 1 1 1
Interrupt sources 6 8 6
Timer:
: Timer :
Interrupt :
 Various 8051 Microcontrollers
• 8751 microcontroller
– UV-EPROM
• AT89C51 from Atmel Corporation (IN LAB WITH
KEIL COMPILER)
– Flash (erase before write)
• DS5000 from Dallas Semiconductor
– NV-RAM (changed one byte at a time), RTC (real-time
clock)
• OTP (one-time-programmable) version of 8051
• 8051 family from Philips
– AD, DA, extended I/O, OTP and flash
 8051
Microcontroller
 Block Diagram of 8051
External interrupts
On-chip Timer/Counter

Interrupt ROM for

On-chip Timer 1 Counter
Control program
code RAM Timer 0 Inputs

CPU

Bus Serial
4 I/O Ports
OSC Control Port

P0 P1 P2 P3 TxD RxD
Address/Data
 Features
• 8 bit CPU
• 16-bit program counter(PC) and data pointer
(DPTR)
• 8-bit program status word(PSW)
• 8-bit stack pointer
• 4 Kbytes of on-chip program memory(ROM)
• 128 bytes of on-chip data random access
memory(RAM)
• 64Kbytes of program memory address space
• 64Kbytes of data memory address space
• Two 16 bit timers/counters
• 16 bit address bus multiplexed with port 0 and port
2
• 32 bidirectional I/O lines can be either used as
8 bit ports
• On-chip clock oscillator
• Control Registers
• Serial data receiver/transmitter
• Interrupt sources
 Architecture of 8051
• Processor includes
– Arithmetic and logic unit
– Instruction decoder
– Timing generation unit
– Accumulator
– B register
– Status register
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit
– Performing computing functions
– Accumulator is 8-bit register
– Arithmetic and logical operations – one of the
operands is in A register
– Result is stored in only A
– C(carry), AC(auxiliary carry), O(overflow) and
P(Parity) – status register
 Instruction decoder and control
• When an instruction is fetched – it is loaded in
the instruction register
• Decoder decodes the instruction and
establishes the sequence of events to follow
• Instruction cycle: Instruction cycle is defined
as the time required for completing the
execution of an instruction
• Instruction register is not programmable
• It cannot be accessed through any instruction
• Control unit generates control signals
necessary for communication between the
processor and peripherals
 CPU Registers
• A Register(E0H)
– 8 bit
– Direct connection with ALU
– In multiplication- one of 8 bit operands stored in A and after
operation it stores lower byte in A
– In division- holds 8 bit dividend & quotient is stored in A
• B Register(F0H)
– 8 bit
– Used with multiply and divide operations
– In multiplication- after operation it stores higher byte in B
– In division- holds 8 bit divisor & reminder is stored in B
 Registers
A

R0
DPTR DPH DPL
R1

R2 PC PC
R3

R4 Some 8051 16-bit Register

R5

R6

R7

Some 8-bitt Registers of

the 8051
 Program status word(D0H)

CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV -- P

CY—PSW.7 Carry flag

AC – PSW.6 Auxiliary carry
F0– PSW.5 General purpose
RS1-PSW.4 Register bank selector bit 1
RS0-PSW.3 Register bank selector bit 0
OV-PSW.2 Overflow flag
-- User defined bit
P—PSW.0 Parity flag

Add numbers 56H and 95H AND show how CY,AC and P
flags affected???
• MOV A,#56H
• MOV A,#95H
• 56 -- 0101 0110
+
• 95 --- 1001 0101
-------------------------------------
EBH -1110 1011
CY = 0 (No carry between D7)
AC = 0 (No carry from D3 to D4)
P = 0 (Accumulator has an even number of bits)
 Second Exercise!
• Show status of CY,AC and P flags after the addition of
9CH and 64H
• What is the size of flag register in the 8051?
• FIND C,AY,P FOR ----MOV A,#02H
• ADD A,#3DH
• 0000 0010
• 0011 1101
• --------------
• 00 11 11 11
• MOV A,#95
• ADD A,#120
• ANS = 44 IN HEX
 Third Exercise!
• Show the contents of PSW register after execution
of following instrucitons:
• MOV A,#0BFH
• ADD A,#1BH
BF – 1011 1111
1B – 0001 1011
---------------------
DA – 1101 1010 Cy=0,ac=1,f0=0,rs1=0,rs0=0,ov=0,not
used=0, p=1
• Answers: 1(CY) 1(AC) 0(P)
1001 1100
0110 0100
-------------
0000 0000
• Answers: contents of psw = 0100 0001=
(65)10= (41)16
 Stack Pointer(81H)
• 8 BIT
• Contains data item on the top of stack
• Incremented before data is stored
• Initialized to 07H
 Data Pointer
• DPTR (Data Pointer) consists of two 8 bit
registers – high byte (DPH) and low byte (DPL)
• 16 bit address
• To furnish address information for internal
and external program memory and for
external data memory
 Program Counter
• 16 bit register
• Specifies the address of next instruction to be
executed
• After reset – PC will be set to 0000H
• 8051 fetches the instruction one byte at a
time
• After increments, it increments PC by 1
 MEMORY
• 4k bytes on chip ROM
• 128 bytes RAM
• Program memory is used to hold start up program
• Data random access memory is divided into 4 parts:
First 128 bytes : 00H TO 1FH (31) – Register Banks
20H TO 2FH(47) – Bit addressable RAM
30H TO 7FH (127) – General purpose registers
Next 128 bytes : 80H TO FFH (255) – Special function
registers
 Register Banks
• Lowest 32 bytes
• 4 banks – each having 8 registers
• RS1 and RS0 (4TH BIT AND 3RD BIT) program status
word select the bank
• Each bank contains R0 TO R7
• Ex: add A,R2 – adds the value contained in R2 to the
accumulator
• RS1=0 and RS0=0 – BANK 0 IS SELECTED
• R2 is which memory location? ADD A,02H
 Internal RAM Organization
Special function 80 –FF
registers
General purpose registers 30-7F
Bit addressable space 20-2F
BANK 3 (R0-R7) 18-1F

BANK 2 (R0-R7) 10-17

BANK 1 (R0-R7) 08-0F

BANK 0 (R0-R7) 00-07

 PSW bits bank selection
RS1 – PSW.4 RS0- PSW.3
BANK 0 0 0
BANK 1 0 1
BANK 2 1 0
Bank 3 1 1
 Bit Addressable RAM 20H TO 2FH
• 16 BYTES
• Bit variables can have value 0 or 1
• SETB 25H // sets the bit 25H (becomes 1)
• CLR 25H // clears the bit 25H (becomes 0)
• SETB 19H // WRONG
General Purpose RAM 30H TO 7FH
• 80 BYTES
• Instructions of single byte operands use this
area of storage
• Direct or indirect addressing modes
 SFR Register 80h to ffh
• 21 SFR registers are defined
• Some registers are bit addressable
• Access by internal RAM locations
• CPU and internal peripheral modules use SFR for
controlling the desired operation of the device
• Contains I/O ports, control registers, timers,
serial ports etc.
• Ex : acc, B, PSW, sp, dptr etc.
 MOV A,R5 is equivalent to?
Which register bank of r0-r7 do we have access to
when 8051 is powered up?
Ans – register bank 0
RAM LOCATIONS – 0,1 to 7
By r0 to r7
How to switch register banks?
By bit addressable instructions – SETB and CLR
SETB PSW.3 - will make PSW.3 =1 so 0(PSW.4)AND 1
 BANK1 IS SELECTED
 Which is the other way to write
below program
• State the contents of RAM LOCATIONS after
following program:
• MOV R0,#99H
• MOV R1,#50H
• MOV R2,#60H
• MOV R3,#90H
• MOV R4,#65H
– RAM LOCATION 0 HAS VALUE 99H
– RAM LOCATION 1 HAS VALUE 50H
– RAM LOCATION 2 HAS VALUE 60H
– RAM LOCATION 3 HAS VALUE 90H
– RAM LOCATION 4 HAS VALUE 65H
 Write instructions to use the
registers of bank 3 and load the
same value 05H in reg. r0-r3
• SETB PSW.4
• SETB PSW.3
• MOV R0,#05H
• MOV R1,#05H
• MOV R2,#05H
• MOV R3,#05H
• Example: the following instructions enable
register bank 3 and move the content of R7
(address 1FH) to the accumulator
• SETB RS1
• SETB RS0
• MOV A,R7