Hypotheses

Hypothesis
 Hypotheses (plural)
 is a tentative explanation or
an answer to a question about
variables, their relationship,
and other facts involved in the
research.
Hypothesis
 You are free to
hypothesize; it means to
infer, propose, or guess
about a factual things
related to the research.
Hypothesis
 It is an inferential thinking that
makes you guess something
based not only on whatever
experience of factual knowledge
you have about such a thing but
also on conclusions that were
logically drawn by other research
studies.
Hypothesis
 It has to be tested
through analytical
investigation to prove
how true or false it is.
Five Purposes of
Hypotheses
 They guide on which
aspect of the research to
focus on.
 They provide
opportunities to prove the
relationship between
variables.
Five Purposes of
Hypotheses
 They give the right direction
of the research.
 They outline your thoughts
on your manner of
summarizing the results and
of explaining the conclusions.
Two Categories of
Hypotheses
 Null Hypothesis – It is
symbolized by Ho, which
states the absence of
relationship between the
independent and dependent
variables.
Two Categories of
Hypotheses
 Alternative Hypothesis – It
is symbolized by Hi, states the
relationship between the
independent and the
dependent variables and the
fact that the first affects the
second one.
 Three Types of
Hypotheses
 Theory-driven vs. Data-
driven Hypotheses – A
hypothesis that is based on
existing theory to explain the
relationship of variables and the
effects of one variable on the
other variables is theory-
driven.
Theory-driven vs. Data-
driven Hypotheses
 If it is based on the
findings of previous
research studies, it is a
data-driven
hypothesis.
 Directional vs. Non-
directional Hypotheses
 Directional Hypothesis
(one-tailed) – a one-tailed
test, is a test of significance to
determine if there is a
relationship between variables
in one direction.
Directional (one-tailed)
Hypotheses
 predicts the actual DIRECTION in
which the findings will go. It is more
precise, and usually used when other
research has been carried out
previously, giving us a good idea of
which way the results will go. (Ex.
we predict more or less, an increase
or decrease, higher or lower)
 Directional vs. Non-
directional Hypotheses
 Non-directional Hypothesis
(two-tailed) – a two-tailed test,
is the standard test of
significance to determine if
there is a relationship between
variables in either direction.
Non-directional (two-
tailed) Hypotheses
 predicts an OPEN outcome thus the
results can go in 2 directions. It is left
very general and is usually used
when no other research has been
done before thus we do not know
what will happen. (Ex. we predict a
difference, an effect or a change but
we do not know in what direction)
Descriptive vs. Causal
Hypotheses
 A statement specifying the relationship
between two variables due to the
influence of something is a descriptive
hypothesis. (uses in non-experimental
research)
 Due to cause and effect relationship, it is
a causal hypothesis. (uses in true
experimental or quasi experimental
research)
 Guidelines in
Formulating Hypotheses
 Express your hypotheses in a
declarative sentence.
 Support your hypotheses with ideas
based on theories, known facts,
previous studies, or your own
experience and wisdom.
 Establish a logical relationship
between the hypotheses and research
problem.
 Guidelines in
Formulating Hypotheses
 Have your hypotheses predict the
nature of relationship between or
among variables.
 Ascertain the possibility of having
some means of testing, analyzing and
investigating your hypotheses.
 Avoid wordiness by using clear, exact
or specific language in stating the
hypotheses.