INTRODUCTION TO Dr. Rhem Rick N.

Corpuz,
CRIMINOLOGY RCrim, PGDIP-AC, CCS
Program Chair, Graduate
(MODULE1 Criminal Justice Program

PRESENTATION)
Angeles University Foundation
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of the module, the student should be able to: 

1.Define and discuss the concept of crime and deviance;
2.Distinguish crime from deviance and delinquency;
3.Outline and explain the elements of the crime;
4.Compare the various definitions of criminology and generate common
themes from the definitions.
5.Discuss the branches, scope, importance, and value of criminology to
society.
6.Illustrate the interdisciplinary nature of the study of criminology.
7.Decide whether criminology is a science or not and discuss its compliance
or noncompliance to scientific standards.
CRIME DEFINED
“Crime is an intentional act in violation of the
criminal law (statutory and case law), committed
without defense or excuse, and penalized by the
state as a felony or misdemeanor” (Tappan in Lanier
and Henry, 2001).
Crime may also be defined as an act committed or
omitted in violation of public law forbidding or
commanding it (Reyes, 2015).
CRIME
 Act - Any bodily movement tending to produce
some effect in the external world.
 Omission – is meant inaction, or the failure to
perform positive duty which one is bound to do.
 Criminal Law – Branch or division of law which
defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides
for their punishment.
 Criminal – It refers to any person finally convicted
by a competent court in violation of law.
LAW AND ITS TYPES
Law is a rule of conduct, just and obligatory, laid
down by the legitimate authority for common
welfare and observance.
Public vs. Private Law
Substantive Law vs. Procedural Law
TYPES OF LAWS
Constitutional Law refers to the fundamental law and basis of
all written laws, those that define the powers of government
and the limitations thereof.
Statutory law refers to the laws enacted by Congress composed
of the House of Representative and Senate.
Case Law are laws which emerged as a result of jurisprudence.
In the Philippines, the Philippine Civil Code Article 8 states: Art.
8.  Judicial decisions applying or interpreting the laws or the
Constitution shall form a part of the legal system of the Philippines
ELEMENTS OF CRIME
“Crime is an intentional act...” There is a difference between mens rea
and actus rea.
1.Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea- The act cannot be criminal
where the mind is not criminal.
2.“or omission”
3.“in violation of criminal law...” 
4.Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege (Legality Principle)  “(statutory or
case law”) 
5.“Committed without defense or excuse”- In our legal system certain
“defenses” or “excuses” are allowed such as justifying or exempting
circumstance... “Ignorance of the law” is generally not an excuse.
6.“and penalized by the state as a felony or misdemeanor”-
LEGAL TYPES OF CRIME

Felony- violation of the Revised Penal

Code
Offense- violation of Special Laws
Misdemeanor- violation of city or
municipal ordinance
OTHER DEFINITIONS

Sutherland- He defines criminal behavior as

behavior which is in violation of criminal law. 
No matter what the degree of immorality,
reprehensibility, or indecency of an act, it is
not a crime unless it is prohibited by criminal
law.  Professor Sutherland further mentions
seven attributes of a crime.
CRIME AND HARM
Schwendinger and Schwendinger (2001) “Any
person, social system, or social relationship that
denied or abrogated basic rights are criminal.” Basic
rights are distinguished by the right to racial, sexual,
and economic equality.”
(1) Harms of reduction “occur when an offended
party experiences a loss of some quality relative to
their present standing.”
(2) Harms of repression “occurs when an offended
party experiences a limit or restriction preventing
them from achieving a desired position or standing.” “
DEVIANCE AND CRIME
Deviance is a violation of established contextual, cultural,
or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law
(1906). 
Folkways are norms based on everyday cultural customs
concerning practical matters like how to hold a fork, what
type of clothes are appropriate for different situations, or
how to greet someone politely. 
Mores are more serious moral injunctions or taboos that
are broadly recognized in a society, like the incest taboo.
Codified laws are norms that are specified in explicit
codes and enforced by government bodies.
KINDS OF DEVIANCE
Consensus crimes about which there is near-unanimous public
agreement. Acts like murder and sexual assault are generally
regarded as morally intolerable, injurious, and subject to harsh
penalties. 
Conflict crimes are acts like prostitution or smoking marijuana,
which may be illegal but about which there is considerable
public disagreement concerning their seriousness. 
Social deviations are acts like abusing serving staff or behaviors
arising from mental illness and addiction, which are not illegal in
themselves but are widely regarded as serious or harmful.
Social diversions like riding skateboards on sidewalks, overly
tight leggings, or facial piercings that violate norms in a
provocative way but are generally regarded as distasteful but
harmless, or for some, cool.
Crime Deviance Delinquency
Violation of social
Violation of Violation of
norms and
criminal laws social norms
expectations
Committed by Committed by Committed by
adults adults children
Penalized by
Social stigma or Rehabilitation or
imprisonment or
alienation intervention
fine
Cross dressing, Smoking, running
Homicide, murder,
nudity, eating away from school,
theft, rape, estafa
with bare hands truancy
CRIMINAL DEFINED.

For criminologists, a criminal refers to a

person who has violated criminal laws if there
is no conviction yet.
In law, a person can only be called a criminal
if he has been arrested, tried, convicted and
suffered sanctions provided by law.
 Crime as a social phenomenon:

Criminology – is a body of knowledge regarding crime as

a social phenomenon. The term Criminology is used in
narrower and broader sense.
 In its Broadest Sense:
A. Criminology is the entire body of knowledge regarding
crime and criminals and efforts of society to repress and
prevent them. It includes within its scope the process of
making laws, of breaking laws and of reacting towards the
breaking of laws.
 In its Broadest Sense:

B. Criminology is concerned with the application of

knowledge regarding crime to social programs of crime
prevention and control (Modern Police Service
Encyclopedia)
 In its Broadest Sense:

C. Criminology is a body of knowledge regarding crime

and delinquency a social phenomenon.
 In its narrowest sense:

a. Criminology is the study and investigation of crime and

criminals
b. The identification of criminals and detection of crime.
c. The punishment and treatment of criminals
d. The prevention of crime.
 SCOPE OF THE STUDY OF
CRIMINOLOGY
1. Study of the origin and development of criminal law or
penal law.
2. Study of the causes of crimes and development of
criminals.
3. Study of different factors that enhances the
development of criminal behavior such as:
a. Criminal demography – study of the relationship
between criminality and population.

b. Criminal ecology – study of the relationship between

environment and criminality.

c. Criminal epidiomology – study of criminality in

relation to spatial distribution in a community.
d. Criminal physical anthropology – study of criminality in
relation to physical constitution of men.
e. Criminal psychology – study of human behavior in
relation to criminality.
f. Criminal psychiatry – study of human mind in relation
to criminality.
g. Victimology - study of the role of the victim in the
commission of a crime.
Crime – is an integral part of the social organization not
only today but since time in memorial. It is the system of
imperfection and deficiencies in that organization.
Criminal Statistics:

1. Are essential to criminology

- Know the frequency of crime in space and time
before we can understand the causes, prevent its
recurrent deal constructively with those who commit
it arrest and punished them, detect the existence of
crime.

2. Statistics of crime and criminals are unreliable and most

difficult of all statistics.
Reasons:
• The law which define crime charged is not clearly
interpreted.

• The number of crime actually committed cannot possibly

be enumerated.

• Comparable number is probably unknown either to the

victim or to the offender himself.
Fundamental of Criminal Law

- Criminal or Penal law is that branch of public law

which defines crimes, treat of their nature, and
provides for their punishment.

Note: The Revised Penal Code is the book that

contains the Philippine Criminal Law and likewise, it
is embodied in different special laws and decrees
which are penal in nature.

January 1, 1932 – Effectivity of the Revised Penal

Code.
 Principal Parts of Revised Penal Code

1. Article 1 – 20: Principles affecting criminal

liability.

2. Article 21 – 113: Provisions on penalties

including criminal and civil liability.

3. Article 114 – 367: Felonies defined under the

different titles.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMINAL
1.LAW
It is general in application
The provision of criminal or penal law must be
applied equally to all persons within the
territory irrespective to sex, race, nationality,
and other personal circumstances, its certain
exception such as:

a. Heads of state or country.

b. Foreign diplomats, ambassadors, who are duly
accredited to a country
c. Foreign troops permitted to march within the
territory.
2. It is territorial in character

As a part of the state to self-preservation each

independent country has the right to promulgate laws
enforceable within its territorial jurisdiction subject only
to the limitations imposed by treaties of preferential
application and by the operation of international law
nation.
 In the Philippines, the Revised Penal Code is applicable only in the
areas within the Philippines territorial jurisdiction such as:

a. Philippine Archipelago – This includes all the islands that

compromise the Philippines

b. Atmosphere – The space above those island.

c. Interior water – All interior water that connect all the islands
such as bay, rivers and streams.

d. Maritime Zone – The three (3) miles limit beyond our shore
measured at low tide.
Exception to the territorial character of the
Revised Penal Code:

The Revised Penal Code shall be applicable to all cases

committed outside the Philippine territorial jurisdiction under
the following circumstances – Article 2, Revised Penal Code;

a. Should commit an offense while on a Philippine

ship or air ship;

b. Should forge or counterfeit currency note of the

Philippine island or obligation and security issued by the
government of the Philippine island.
c. Should be liable for acts connected with introduction in this
island of the obligations and securities mentioned in the
preceding number;

d. While being a public officer or employees, should commit an

offense in the exercise of their functions;

e. Should commit any of the crimes against national security

and law of the nations, defined in title one of book two of this
code (Rev. Penal Code)
 On the other hand, even if the crimes or felonies are
committed within the Philippine territory, the Revised Penal
Code is not applicable under the following conditions or by
reason of;

a. Provisions of treaty such as the Philippine United State

Agreement.

b. Operation of International Law under the principle of

reciprocity.
3. It is specific and definite

Criminal Law must give a strict definition of specific act,

which constitutes and offense.

Where there is doubt as to whether a definition embodied in

the Revised Penal Code applies to the accused or not, the
judge is obligated to decide the case in favor of the accused.
Criminal law must be construed liberally in favor of the
accused and strictly against the state.
4. It is Uniform in application

An act described a crime is a crime no matter who

committed it, wherever committed. No exception may be made
as to the criminal liability.

The definition of crime together with the corresponding

punishment must be uniformly construed, although there may
be difference in enforcement of a given specific provisions of
the penal law.
5. It must be prospective.

No person can be punished for his act, which for the time
he did it is not yet punishable by law, However, penal laws
may be given retroactive effect when it is favorable to the
accused who is not habitual delinquent. (Art. 22 RPC)

Ex. Reduction of sentence to illegal possession of firearm

on in the case of Robin Padilla
6. The must be a penal sanction or punishment

Penal sanction is that most essential part of the definition of

crime. If there is no penalty for prohibited act, its enforcement
will almost be impossible.

The penalty is acting as deterrence, retribution and as

measure of self-defense of the state to protect the society from
threat and wrong inflected by the criminal.
TWO IMPORTANT THEORIES IN CRIMINAL LAW

1. The Classical theory – Characteristics:

a. The basis of criminality is a human free will and the purpose of
the penalty is retribution.
b. That man is essentially a moral creature with absolute free will to
chose between good and evil, thereby placing more stress upon
the effect or result of the felonies act done upon the man, the
criminal himself.
c. It has endeavored to establish the mechanical and direct
proportion between crime and penalty.
d. There is an scant regard to the human element.
2. The positivist theory – Characteristics:

a. It is subdued occasionally by a strange and morbid phenomenon

which constrains him to do wrong, in spite of or contrary to his
volition.

b. That crime is essential as social and natural phenomenon, and as

such, it cannot be treated and checked by the imposition of the
punishment, fixed and determined a prior; but rather through the
enforcement of individual measures in each particular case after a
thorough, personal and individual investigation conducted by a
competent body of a psychiatrist and social scientists.
SOME THERIES AS TO THE ORIGIN OF CRIMINAL LAW

1. That criminal law originated from private or tort.

2. That criminal law originated from the national process of the

unified society.

3. That criminal law originated from the development of custom,

usage and tradition.

4. That criminal law originated from conflict of interest of different

social group.
 STUDY OF FELONIES AND CRIME

DEFINITION

Crime – is defined as an act committed or omitted in violation

of a public law forbidding or commanding it.

–It is defined also as an act that violates the laws of the

nation.

Felonies – are acts or omissions punishable by law. They are

committed not only by means of deceit (dolo) but also by
means of fault (culpa) (Art. 3. RPC)
ELEMENTS OF FELONY

1. There must be an act or omission.

2. The act of omission must be voluntary.
3. It must be punishable law.

LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES OR FELONIES

4. As to manner of crimes are committed:

a. By means of dolo or deceit – when the act was done with
deliberate intent.
b. By means of culpa or fault – When the wrong full act result
from imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight or lack of
skills.
2. As to the stage of the commission of the crime:

a. Attempted crimes – when the offender commences the

commission of the felony directly by overt acts and does not
perform all the acts of execution, which could produce the
felony by reason of some causes or accident other than his
spontaneous desistance.
b. Frustrated crimes – When the offender performs all the acts of
execution which will produce the felony as a consequence, but
which nevertheless, do not produce the felony by reason of
causes independent of the will of perpetrator.
c. Consummated crime – when all the elements necessary for its
execution and accomplishment are present.
 3. As to the plurality of crimes:

a. Simple crime – when a single act constitute only one offense.

b. Complex crime – when a single act constitute two or more grave
felonies or when the offense is necessary means for committing
the other.

CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES

1. As to the result of crimes:

a. Acuisitive crime – When the offender acquire something
as consequences of his criminal act.
b. Extinctive crime – When the end result of a criminal act
is destructive.
2. As to the time or period committed:

a. Seasonal crime – those committed only a certain of the year like

violation of tax law.
b. Situational crime – those committed only when the given
situation is conducive to its commission.

3. As to the length of the time committed:

c. Instant crime – those committed in the shortest possible time.

d. Episodial crime – those committed by the series of act on a
lengthy space of time.
4. As to the place of the location of the commission:

a. Static crime – those committed in only one place.

b. Continuing crime – Those that can be committed in several
places.
Example; Forcible crime with rape, kidnapping with ransom

5. As to the use of mental faculties:

c. Rational crime – those committed with intention and the offender

is in full possession of sanity.
d. Irrational crime – those committed by the person who do not
know the nature and quality of his act on account of the disease
of mind.
6. As to the types of offenders:

a. White collar crimes – those committed by person of

respectability and of the upper socio-economic class in the course
of their occupational activities. Ex. Adulteration of food by the
manufacturer.
b. Blue collars crimes – those committed by ordinary professional
criminal to maintain their livelihood.

7. As to the standard of living of the criminals:

c. Crimes of the upper world – falsification cases – upper class

criminal.
d. Crimes of the under world – bag snatching – criminals that are
under privilege. Ex. Hold – up snatching
WHEN DOES THE CRIME EXIST?

In the legal point crime exist when the person has been
proven guilty by the court. The main objective to this view in
that there is a terrific morality cases between the time a crime
has been reported up to the time a verdict of conviction is
made by the court.

In the scientific point of view, crime exists when it is

reported. This more realistic but not all reported cases are with
the sound basis of true happenings. Some of them are also
unfound.
SOME DISTINCTION:

Between crime and sin:

1. Crime is an act or omission against the penal law of the state,
while sin is an act or omission against an spiritual or divine law.
2. Upon conviction for criminal act, the penalty is imposed during
the lifetime of the person, while the penalty for a sinful act is
imposed in the life thereafter.

Between crime and Immorality:

3. Crime is committed against the law of the state, while immorality
is committed against the unwritten social norms in the locality.
4. Crime is fixed by the statute, while immorality is not.
5. Crime is nationalistic, while immorality is rationalistic.
 WHY MUST MEMBER OF SOCIETY BE INTERESTED IN
CRIME?

1. Crime is pervasive – almost all members of free society are once

upon a time a victim or an offender of criminal act. Crime as an
associate of society affected almost all people – regardless of sex,
age, race, nationality, religion, financial condition, education and
other personal circumstances.

2. Crime is expenses – the government and the private sector spend

an innermost amount of money for crime detection, prosecution,
correction and prevention.
Those expenses are:

a. Direct expenses – Those spent by the government or private

sector for the maintenance or police and security guards for
crime detection, prosecution and judiciary support of prison
systems.
b. Indirect expenses – Those expenses utilized to prevent the
commission of the crime like the construction of window grills,
fences gate, purchase of door locks, safety vaults, hiring
watchmen, feeding of watchdogs etc.

3. Crime is destructive – Many lives have been lost because of crime

like murder, homicide and other violent deaths. Properties has
been lost or destroyed on account of theft, robbery and arson.
 4. Crime is reflective – Crime rate or incidence in a given
locality is reflective in effectiveness of the social defenses
employed by the people – primarily that of the police systems.

5. Crime is progressive – The progressive increase in the

volume of crime is on account of the ever increasing rate and
their technique shows the progressive thinking of the society
for advancement.
The GIANELL INDEX of Criminality

This criminosynthesis explains the reason why a person may

commit a crime or inhibit himself from doing so under the following
conditions:

1. Need Frustration – The person before committing the crime is

likely to feel unhappy, unsatisfied, resentful or angry about
something in particular or about life in general.

2. Internal Inhibition – It refers to all types of internal forces which

may prevent a person from committing a crime.

3. External Inhibition – This refers to all types of external forces

which may prevent an individual from committing crime
4. Contact with Reality – This refers to the extent to which
person can learn from his past experiences, especially his past
mistakes, as well as to the extent to which he can evaluate
accurately the present situation and foresee the consequence
of his future.

5. Situational Crime Potential – This refers to the cultural

opportunity to commit the crime, that is to the easiest or
possibilities to commit a crime offered by a given place,
situation person or environment.

6. Potential Satisfaction – This refers to the balance of gain

and loss that a person may experience if he commits a given
crime.
 Fundamentals of Criminology

A. DEFINITION OF CRIMINOLOGY
In its broadest sense, criminology is the entire body of knowledge regarding crimes,
criminals and the effort of society to prevent and repress them.
In a narrower sense, criminology is the scientific study of crimes and criminals. This
scientific study is extended only on three basic lines.
a. investigation of the nature of criminal law and its administration;
b. analysis of the causation of crimes and the behavior of criminals; and,
c. study of the control of crimes and the rehabilitation of offenders.
B. VARIOUS STUDIES AND SCIENCES RELATED TO CRIMINOLOGY
1. Study of law
2. Science of medicine, chemistry, and psychology
3. Religion
4. Education
5. Social work involving sociology and psychology
6. Public administration
 Fundamentals of Criminology
Similarly, criminology includes the activities of the following offices and
agencies of the government:
1. Legislative bodies and lawmakers
2. Law enforcement agencies
3. Courts and prosecution arms of the government
4. Educational institutions like schools and college
5. Correctional institutions
6. Public charitable and social agencies
7. Public welfare agencies
Among the private sector whose work is related to criminology are the
following:
1. The family and the home
2. Church and religion
3. Private charitable and welfare institutions
 Fundamentals of Criminology
4. Civic clubs and organizations
5. Print media, newspaper, radio and television
6. Private schools and colleges
C. NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. It is an applied science – study of the causes of crime, sociology
psychology and natural sciences. In detection, chemistry, medicine
ballistics, polygraphy, legal medicine, questioned document exam
2. It is a social science – crime as a social phenomenon
3. It is dynamic – criminology changes as social condition changes
4. It is nationalistic – crime must be relative with existing criminal law
D. SCOPE OF THE STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. Study of the origin and development of criminal law or penal law
2. Study of the causes of crimes and development of criminals
 Fundamentals of Criminology

3. Study of the different factors that enhances the development of criminal

behavior such as:
a. Criminal demography – study of criminality and population
b. Criminal epidiomology – study of criminality and environment
c. Criminal physical anthropology – constitution of men, cultures
d. Criminal psychology – study of human behavior
e. Criminal psychiatry – study of human mind
f. Victimology – role of the victim in the commission of crime
4. Study of the various processes and measures accepted by society in cases
of violation of criminal law such as:
a. the detection and investigation of crimes
b. the arrest and apprehension of criminals
c. the prosecution and conviction of the criminal in judicial proceedings
d. the imprisonment, correction and rehabilitation of the criminal
 Fundamentals of Criminology
e. the enforcement of laws, decrees, rules and regulations
f. the administration of the police and other law enforcement agencies
g. maintenance of recreational facilities and other auxiliary services to
prevent the development of crimes and criminal behavior
E. SOME OF THE MAJOR AREAS OF STUDIES IN CRIMINOLOGY
1. Dactyloscopy – the science of fingerprinting
2. Police photography – study of photographing crime scene & evidences
3. Polygraphy – science of lie detection examination
4. Ballistics – study of firearms and bullets examination
5. Questioned document examination – study of disputed documents
6. Penology – jail management and prison administration
7. Police supervision and administration – management of police force
8. Investigation and detection of crimes – CIDG and Crime Lab
9. Industrial security management - CSG
10. Traffic accident investigation - TMG
 STUDY OF FELONIES AND CRIMES
F. CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
1. As to the result of crimes:
a. Acquisitive Crime – acquires something as a consequence of his
criminal act
b. Extinctive Crime – result of a criminal act is destructive
2. As to the time or period committed:
a. Seasonal crime – committed a period of the year – ex. tax law
b. Situational crimes – situation conducive to its commission
3. As to the length of time committed:
a. Instant crimes – committed in a shortest possible time
b. Episoidal crimes – series of act in a lengthy space of time
4. As to the place or location of the commission:
a. Static Crimes – committed in only one place
b. Continuing crime – committed in several places
 STUDY OF FELONIES AND CRIMES

5. As to the use of mental faculties:

a. Rational crimes – with intent, offender in full possession of his sanity
b. Irrational crimes – offender has disease of the mind
6. As to the type of offenders:
a. White collar crimes – upper socio-economic class- ex. pyramiding
b. Blue collar crimes – ordinary professional criminal- ex. shoplifting
7. As to the standard of living of the criminals:
a. Crimes of the upper world – ex. Falsification cases
b. Crimes of the underworld – ex. bag snatching
G. WHEN DOES CRIME EXIST?
In the legal viewpoint, crime exist when a person has been proven guilty
by the court.
In the scientific point of view, crime exist when it is reported.
 STUDY OF FELONIES AND CRIMES
H. SOME DISTINCTIONS
a. Between Crime and Sin: crime is an act against penal law of state, sin is an
act against spiritual or divine law
b. Between Crime and Immorality: crime is against the law of state, sin against
unwritten social norms in a locality; crime is nationalistic, sin is regionalistic
I. WHY MUST MEMBERS OF SOCIETY BE INTERESTED IN CRIME?
1. Crime is expensive – crime detection, prosecution and prevention
a. Direct expenses – police, security guard and support prison system
b. Indirect expenses – construction of grills, fences, gate, door locks, dogs
2. Crime is destructive – lives lost due to murder, homicide and violent deaths
Properties lost or destroyed due to theft, robbery and arson
3. Crime is reflective – crime rate is reflective of police effectiveness in a given
locality
4. Crime is progressive – increase of population would increase the volume of
crime
 STUDY OF CRIMINALS

J. General Classification of Criminals

1. Criminals classified on the basis of behavioral system:

a. Ordinary criminals – lowest form of criminal which requires limited skill
b. Organized criminals – high degree of organization – force, violence, I
intimidation and bribery-racketeering, gambling, prostitution and drugs
c. Professional criminals – highly skilled like pick-pocketing, shoplifting,
counterfeiting and confidential games
2. Criminals classified on the basis of mental attitudes:
a. Active aggressive criminals – impulsive manner crimes of passion, revenge
or resentment
b. Passive inadequate criminals – pushed by inducement by reward, promise
c. Socialized delinquents – normal behavior, respectable members of society,
may turn criminal on account of the situation they are involved
 STUDY OF CRIMINALS

K. Criminal Classified on the basis of activities:

1. Professional Criminals – those who earned their living through criminal activities
2. Accidental Criminals – those who commits criminal acts as a result of unanticipated
circumstances
3. Habitual Criminals – those who continue to commit criminal acts for such diverse

reason due to deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-control

4. Situational criminals – those who are actually not criminals but constantly in
trouble with legal authorities because they commit robberies, larcenies and
embezzlement which are intermixed with legitimate economic activities.
 EXPLANATION TO CRIMINALITY
A. TYPES OF EXPLANATIONS TO CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
1. Single or Unitary Causes – one factor social, biological or mental
2. Multiple Factor Theory – combination of several factors. This is the
accepted theory
3. Eclectic Theory – more factors or another set of factors
B. EARLIER EXPLANATIONS TO THE EXISTENCE OF CRIMINALITY
1. The explanation that crime is caused by demon attributed by evil spirits
2. Explanation that crime is caused by divine will because they are sinful so
God wants to punish them
3. The explanations that crime is the result of the free will of men. A theory of
pain and pleasure
4. The explanation that criminals are born – Cesar Lombroso
a. That there is a distinct born criminal type
b. That the person who is a born criminal type cannot refrain from
committing crime unless he lives under exceptionally favorable circumstances.
 MID 20 TH CENTURY
Somatotype and Body Type – that body types can be an indicator to determine criminal
tendencies

Containment Theory – due to external & internal factors is the real

cause of crime

Social Conflict Theory – inequities in the society is the real cause of crime.
 LATEST THEORY
MID 1970S – CRIMINAL OPPORTUNITY
THEORY

According to opportunity theory, the dangerousness of a

particular environment relates to four factors:
(1) the accessibility of the victim or target,
(2) the perceived attractiveness of the target,
(3) the proximity to numerous potential offenders;
(4) the absence of capable guardians. The chance of
a crime occurring is greatest in environments
where accessibility, attractiveness, and proximity
are high and where guardianship is low.
 FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT AND
EXISTENCE OF CRIMES AND CRIMINALITY
A. GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS
1. North and South Pole – crimes against person predominate in south pole
during warm season; property predominate in north pole in cold countries
2. Approach to the Equator – criminality increases as one approaches the
equator; drunkiness increases as one approaches north and south pole
3. Season of the Year – (person) summer – (property) rainy season
4. Soil Formation – more violence in level lands than in hilly rugged terrain
5. Month of the Year – more incidence of violent crimes during warm month
B. BIOLOGICAL Factors
1. Study of physical defects and Handicapped in relation to crimes
2. Study of Heredity as the causes of crimes:
a. Study of Juke Family Tree (Dugdale & Estabrook)
b. Study of Sir Jonathan Edwards Family Tree
 PSYCHOANALYTIC & PSYCHIATRIC FACTORS
A. DEFINITION
1. Psychoanalytic – the analysis of human behavior
2. Psychiatry – the study of human mind
B. MENTAL DISTURBANCES AS CAUSES OF CRIMES
1. Alcoholism
2. Drug Addiction

C. SOME OF THE SOCIOLOGICAL CAUSES OF CRIMES

1. Lack of parental guidance
2. Broken homes and family
3. Injuring Status of neighborhood
4. Bad Association with criminal groups
5. Lack of Recreational facilities for proper use of leisure time
6. Lack of employment and poverty
 OTHER CRIMINOGENIC FACTORS OR CAUSES
OF CRIMES

A. FAILURE OF THE SCHOOL IN CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT OF THE

CHILDREN AND THE YOUTH
B. THE TEACHING OF RELIGION SOMETIMES MAY BE MISDIRECTED FROM
ITS PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES.
C.THE MASS COMMUNICATION OR MEDIA MAY INFLUENCE THE PUBLIC TO
VIOLATE THE LAW
1. Newspaper is considered a factor to criminality
2. Movies, television and radio is a factor to criminality
3. Comic, books and other literature are crime producing
D. POLITICAL CAUSES MAY LIKEWISE BRING ABOUT ON ARTIFICIAL SET OF
CRIME DUE TO THE FOLLOWING REASONS
1. There are too many laws and ordinances that passed and violated
2. Leniency of the courts to imposed stiffer penalties
3. Insufficient number of policemen
THANK YOU AND GOOD
DAY TO EVERYONE