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Is the sequence of gradual changes
which take place in primitive organisms
over million of years and new species
are formed.
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@tudied Medicine and Theology
Excelled in Geology and Biology
In 1831 Darwin joined the H.M.@.
Beagle(A @HIP) on a trip around the
world to make maps.
He was the shipƞs naturalist.
  

  
Darwin Concluded:
Physical traits and behaviors enable organisms
to survive and reproduce (called Fitness ).
Fitness results from adaptations.
Darwin reasoned that adaptations result from
natural selection and result in evolution.
@cientists from many disciplines including
biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and
paleontology have contributed to the case
for evolution!
Geology
The Fossil Record

 
The @tudy of the Earth and Rocks
Early Ideas About Earth:
People believed Earth was only a few
thousand years old.
People believed that rocks and geological
features were shaped by catastrophic
events and rarely changed.
   
Fossils are the preserved remains of
ancient organisms
Provide information about past
organisms.
@hows that many diverse organisms
lived at different times in Earthƞs
History.
   
Taphonomy: The Formation of Fossils
Fossils form in sedimentary rock.
Dead organisms covered by sand and silt.
@ediments are passed into bone by
pressure from above (fossils form in
sedimentary rock).
   
Relative Dating: Technique used by
scientists to determine the age of fossils
relative to fossils in other layers of rock
Different layers represent different geologic
periods
Older fossils found in lower layers, newer
fossils found in upper layers
Cannot determine the actual age of the
fossil!
   
Radioactive Dating: Process by which traces of
radioactive elements are analyzed to calculate the
actual age of a fossil
Many radioactive elements can be used as geologic
clocks. Each radioactive element decays at its own
nearly constant rate. Once this rate is known,
geologists can estimate the length of time over
which decay has been occurring by measuring the
amount of radioactive parent element and the
amount of stable daughter elements

 

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These organs have the same basic
structural design and development
origin but have different functions and
appearance.
 




@imilar in purpose, but not inherited
from a recent common ancestor.
Environment selected for trait
Wings of birds and insects.
È
 


 



 
 


 
There is variation in populations caused by
genetics.
Many more offspring are produced than can
survive.
Many die through predation or starvation.
@ome variations are favorable and help
organisms compete to survive and reproduce.
Over time, the organisms with favorable
variations become plentiful.
The ones without favorable variations become
rare or extinct.


Èatural @election modifies populations.
@ome evolutionary changes are so great
that some organisms can no longer
interbreed with the original population.
A new species results
@pecies
An interbreeding population of organisms
that can produce healthy&fertile offspring.




    

Characteristics of Primates
@trong hands and opposable thumbs
Free-moving shoulder joint
Forward facing eyes and stereoscopic vision
Intelligence/larger brain
@ocial complexity
 



Terrestrialization
Bipedal (Walking on all twoƞs)
Increased Brain @ize
Civilization
  
 
Each year new fossils are found to add
to the Hominid family tree.
Most fossils of early humans are found
in Africa and lower Asia.
Most well understood members include
genus Australopithecus (extinct) and
genus Homo.




 

First human ancestor to live on the
ground and walk on two legs
Ape-like jaw
@mall brain
@hort stature
Found only in @outh and East Africa



More modern hominids that exhibited major
evolutionary steps
Increased brain size
Use of tools
Use of fire
Use of shelter
Religion
Language and civilization

 !  "
#
Approx. 2.5 MYA
Brain ½ size of
modern human
First to make and use
stone tools and
weapons
 
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Direct ancestor of
modern humans
Widespread in Africa
and Asia.
Evidence of use of
shelter and fire

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Most likely evolved from as early as 400,000
years ago.
Greatly increased brain size.
Consisted of 2 groups.
Èeanderthal
Cro-Magnon/modern (Homo sapiens)

 

Found in Èeander Valley in Germany
Fossils found throughout Europe, Middle
East, and Asia from 150,000-30,000
years ago
Large bodies and brains
Evidenced painting, religion, complex
social structure
ƠCave manơ
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First early modern H. sapiens appear about
130,000 years ago.
Thinner bones, smaller jaws, higher skull
with little or no brow ridge, and larger
brains.
Cave art shows complex religion and culture.
Lived alongside Èeanderthal for several
thousand years, but eventually out-competed
them.