21 CENTURY

ST

LITERATURE
FROM THE
CONTENT STANDARD
The learner has an understanding and appreciation of the elements and
contexts of 21st Century Philippine Literature from the regions.

PERFORMANCE
The learner shall be able to demonstrate understanding and appreciation of 21 st
STANDARD
Century Philippine literature from the regions through:
1. a written close analysis and critical interpretation of a literary text in terms
of form and theme, with a description of its context derived from research;
and
2. an adaptation of a text into other creative forms using multimedia.
LEARNING TARGETS
I can compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the
ones from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures and
traditions

I can discuss how different contexts enhance the text’s meaning and enrich the
reader’s understanding
 Literary Genre
According to Vocabulary.com, a literary genre is a style of
writing. The word genre means "artistic category or style,"
and you can talk about a movie's genre, or the genre of
music. Bookstores sometimes use literary genres as a way
to separate books into different sections, like "classics" or
"mysteries."
 Poetry Drama Fiction Nonfiction
Autobigoraphy/
Songs/Ballads Tragedy Science Fiction
Biography
Lyric Comedy Mystery/thriller Essay
Fantasy/Myths/
Dramatic   Diaries/Journals
Legends/Folklore

Narrative
Narrative   Fables
Nonfiction
 Getting to Know your Stories
For this first part of the module, let’s familiarize ourselves
with the genres that you’ve encountered so far. The
pictures below are from the different stories you’ve read
in your textbook. Fill in the blank with the correct genre
from what you’ve read earlier.
 Elements of a Story
1. Setting: Where and when is the story set? Setting represents both the
physical location but also the time (i.e. past, present, future) and the social
and cultural conditions in which the characters exist.

2. Character: A person or animal or really anything personified. There can

be one main character or many, and often there are secondary characters,
but not always.

3. Plot: The plot consists of the events that happen in the story. In a plot you
typically find an introduction, rising action, a climax, the falling action, and
a resolution. Plot is often represented as an arc.
 Elements of a Story
4. Conflict: Every story must have a conflict, i.e. a challenge or problem
around which the plot is based. Without conflict, the story will have no
purpose or trajectory.

5. Theme: Idea, belief, moral, lesson or insight. It’s the central argument that
the author is trying to make the reader understand. The theme is the “why”
of the story.
 Elements of a Story
6. Point-of-view: “Who” is telling the story? First person (“I”) or third person
(“he/she/it”). Limited (one character’s perspective), multiple (many characters’
perspectives) or omniscient (all knowing narrator). Second person (“you”) is not often
used for writing stories.

7. Tone: The overall emotional “tone” or meaning of the story. Is it happy, funny, sad,
depressed? Tone can be portrayed in multiple ways, through word and grammar
choices, choice of theme, imagery and description, symbolism, and the sounds of the
words in combination (i.e. rhyme, rhythm, musicality).

8. Style: This is how things are said. Word choices, sentence structure, dialogue,
metaphor, simile, hyperbole. Style contributes significantly to tone.
As previously mentioned, the Plot has more to it that
meets the eye.

It contains a few elements of its own which are: Exposition/Introduction, Rising Action,
Climax, Falling Action, and Resolution/Denouement.
Compare and Contrast
For this activity, you’ll need to read two stories and
fill out the graphic organizers below.

1. Turban Legend (Excerpt from Leche) by R.

Zamora Linmark (page 37)

2. Waiting by Rodn Darvin (page 45-53)

Compare and Contrast
For this activity, you’ll need to read two stories and
fill out the graphic organizers below.

1. Turban Legend (Excerpt from Leche) by R.

Zamora Linmark (page 37)

2. Waiting by Rodn Darvin (page 45-53)

 Plot
In a narrative or creative writing, a plot is the sequence of events
that make up a story, whether it’s told, written, filmed, or sung.
The plot is the story, and more specifically, how the story
develops, unfolds, and moves in time. Plots are typically made up
of five main elements:
1. Exposition: At the beginning of the story, characters, setting,
and the main conflict are typically introduced.

2. Rising Action: The main character is in crisis and events leading

up to facing the conflict begin to unfold. The story becomes
complicated.
 Plot
3. Climax: At the peak of the story, a major event occurs in which
the main character faces a major enemy, fear, challenge, or other
source of conflict. The most action, drama, change, and excitement
occurs here.

4. Falling Action: The story begins to slow down and work

towards its end, tying up loose ends.

5. Resolution/Denoument: Also known as the denouement, the

resolution is like a concluding paragraph that resolves any
remaining issues and ends the story.
 Since you know already what elements certain stories
consist of, their flow, and analyze differences and
similarities, then it’s time to put all these to the test where
you’ll be presented with a literary piece and question its
context and take note of what you have written.
 Context
It is the background, environment, setting, framework, or
surroundings of events or occurrences. Simply, context
means circumstances forming a background of an event,
idea or statement, in such a way as to enable readers to
understand the narrative or a literary piece. It is necessary
in writing to provide information, new concepts, and
words to develop thoughts.
 SOCIAL CONTEXT
The social context of a text is the way in which the features
of the society it is set in impact on its meaning. There are
two aspects to social context: the kind of society in which
the characters live, and the one in which the author’s text
was produced.
 HISTORICAL CONTEXTS
The historical context of a text is entangled with its social
context, as underlying norms and convention are
historically specific. The historical context is important to
note especially when large changes have occurred between
the time the work was produced, and our current day, so it
is not assessed by our own concerns alone.
 CULTURAL CONTEXTS
Culture refers to a particular ‘way of life’, involving
religion, race and nationality, as well as things like food,
dress code and manners. Furthermore, culture can relate to
art, music, writing and literature itself. Cultural context,
which is similarly linked with social, historical and
ideological context, is especially important to note if the
author is attempting to make a comment on an aspect of
culture, or the clash of two cultures.
 IDEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS
Ideology refers to the systems of beliefs and ideas that
underpin our attitudes and behavior. Such ideology may
be valued by society as a whole, or be the basis of conflict.
Ideology is a context that is in many ways ‘invisible’. This
is because our own is largely internalized and normalized,
we act accordingly to our assumptions and social norms.
 Read Cronulla Beach by Jose Wendell Capili on page 57 of your textbook.
After reading, answer the questions below. Analyze the poem’s content and
read the questions carefully.