By Alex Collado

Digestive system
Gastrointestinal tract:
• ____________.
• _______________________________.
• It has the following parts: ________, _________,
____________,___________,_________,_________.
• ___________________________________________
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• ___________________________________________
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 Digestive system
Gastrointestinal tract:
• 8 metres long.
• Stars in the mouth and ends in the anus.
• It has the following parts: Oral cavity, pharynx,
oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large
intestine.
• A mucus membrane covers the gastrointestinal tract,
when this layer contract they push food down.
• The mucosa in the stomach and the intestine contain
gland that produce protective mucus and digestive
juices.
 Digestive system
Accesory glands
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• ___________:________________________.
• _________:____________________________
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• _________:____________________________
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 Digestive system
Accesory glands
Release their substances into the digestive
system.
• Salivary glands: Saliva is released
• The liver: Releases substances into the
intestine.
• Pancreas: Releases substances into the
intestine.
 Digestion
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• ________________:_____________________
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 Digestion
Digestion is the process by wich foods are
transformed into simpler substances (Nutrients),
so they can be used by our cells.
• Mechanical process: Chewing and muscular
action.
• Chemical processes: Performed by digestive
enzymes, chemical reactions occur.
 Digestion: Mouth
• Prepare the food inside the mouth
 Digestion: Salivation
• ______________________________________
____________________.
Functions:
• _____________________________________.
• _____________________________.
• _____________(________________________
_________)
 Digestion: Salivation
• Saliva is a watery liquid released by the
salivary glands.
Functions:
• It sarts the digestion of starch molecules
• It destroys some bacteria
• It eases the bolus (Helps to pass thanks to the
mokus)
 Chewing
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________: _____
_________: _______
__________ and _________: _______
 Chewing
Food is crushed into smaller pieces to facilitate
their digestion.
Teeth are responsable of crushing, they are very
hard and made of calcium and fluorine.
Incisors: Cut
Canine: Tear
Premolar and molar: Crush
 Swallowing
• ______________________________________
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 Swallowing
• Begins once the bolus has formed. The tongue
pushes the bolus to the pharynx, from there it
goes to the oesophagus which ends in the
stomach.
 Digestive process in the stomach
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 Digestive process in the stomach
• The downward movement of the bolus in the oesophagus is
performed by the contraction of two muscle layers;
peristaltic movement.
• Separating the stomach and the oesophagus is Cardia and
separating the stomach and the small intestine is pylorus.
• Bolus enter in the stomach and mix with gastric juices.
• Gatric juice is made of Pepsin (Break proteins) and
Hydrochloric acid (Destroy bacteria)
• After food has mixed with gastric juice it becomes chyme.
Food stays in the stomach and more acid is add, when it
has a high level of acidity it enters in the small intestine
• Fats stay 4 hours and proteins 3hours
Digestive process in the small intestine

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3 sections:
• __________:____________,_____________.
• _________:____________,_______________.
• ________:_____________,_____________.
 Digestive process in the small intestine

• The small intestine is about 7 metres long. The

Ileocecal balbe separates the small intestine
and the large intestine.
3 sections:
• Duodenum: initial section, 25 cm long.
• Jejunum: Middle section, longest part.
• Ilenum: Final section large intestine.
 Pancreas
• _____________:________________________
_____________.
• _____________________:________________
______________________________________
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 Pancreas
• Produce hormones: regulate quantities of
glucose.
• Secretes Pancreatic juice: Contain enzymes
capable of digest different type of molecules
and sodium bicarbonate neutralises chyme´s
acidity.
 Liver
• ______________________________________
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 Liver
• Liver produces bile, bile is stored in
gallbladder and released when food enters,
bile contains bile salts and captures and
destroy toxic substances.
 Digestion
• ______________________________________
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 Digestion
• Most digestive processes happen in the small
intestine: Intestinal juice is produce by the
small intestine, when the chyme mixes with
bile it transforms into chyle.
 From food to nutrients
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 From food to nutrients
Transform complex nutrients into simple
nutrients.
• Simple sugars are transformed into Glucose
and Fructose and they go to blood.
• Fats are transformed into Glycerol and Fatty
Acids they go to Lymph(Yellow).
• Proteins are transformed into aminoacids, and
they go to blood.
 Food absorption
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 Food absorption
The pasage of nutrients to our blood.
• The layer of the small intestine is covered with
villi, they collect nutrients obtained in
digestion.
• Nutrients need to go to the blood so they go
throught mucosa and enter to the blood
capillaries.
Digestive process in the large intestine

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________. 3 parts:
• _________.
• _________.
• _________: ___________________.
_______________________________________
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 Digestive process in the large intestine

Large intestine is the end part of the digestive

tract. 3 parts:
• Cecum
• Colon
• Rectum: Ends in anus
Undigestive food is expelled outside throught
the anus, this process is called defecation.
 Respiratory System
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2 parts:

• _____________:_______________________________
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• ________:____________________________________.
• _____________, ________________.
 Respiratory System
Obtain oxygen from the air and provides it to
the blood.
2 parts:
• Respiratory tract: Made up of tubes that
collect oxigen. Inside larynx there are the
vocal cords, that create sound.
• Lungs: This is where gas exchange takes place.
• Also small hairs, mucus and capillaries.
 Respiratory tract
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 Respiratory tract
When air enters the lungs needs to be clean humid and warm,
Respiratory tract:
• Nasal cavity: Internal wall that has several capillaries and warms
up the air.
• Pharinx: on the side walls of the pharinx there are tonsils that
produce white blood cells.
• Larynx: In the entry there is a fibrous estructure called
epiglottis.
• Trachea: There is a mucus inside that traps foreing particles, the
vivrating filiament Cilia moves this particules to the stomach.
• Bronchi and bronchioles: Trachea is divided into 2 bronchis that
end in tiny sacks called alveoli, protagonists of gas exchange.
 Gas exchange
• ______________________________________
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 Gas exchange
• Proccess of diffusion happens between blood
and alveoli; Oxygen concentration is higher in
our alveoli than in our blood and Carbon
dioxidee is higher in yhe blood than in the
alvioli so carbon dioxide goes to the alvioli and
oxigen goes to the blood.
 Pulmonary ventilation
2 stages:
• ___________:__________________________
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_.

• _________:
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 Pulmonary ventilation
2 stages:
• Inspiration: Air enters the lungs, ribcage
increases volume, the diaphragm contracts.

• Expiration: Air goes out, ribcage decreases

volume, the diaphragm relaxes.
 Healthy habits
• ___________________.
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• _________________.
• ________________________________.
• ___________________________.
• ____________________________.
• _________________________.
• _________________.
• __________________________.
 Healthy habits(Nutrition)
• Chew food slow
• Brush your teeth
• Visit the dentist
• Do not eat or drink food that is very hot
• Wash your hands before preparing food
• Aboid eating out of meal time
• Food must be in perfect conditions
• Eat fibre rich food
• Do not consume alcohol
 Illnesses
• _________:___________________________________
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_____.
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 Illnesses
• Caries: Destruction of tooth caused by bacterial
descompostion of food remains.
• Ulcers: Injury caused by the destruction of gastric
mucosa.
• Gallstones: Solid particles composed of cholesterol or
the minerals found in vile.
• Gastroenteritis: Intestinal infection caused by certain
bacteria.
• Constipation: Difficulty defecating due to low mobility
of the large intestine
 Healthy habits (Respiration)
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 Healthy habits (Respiration)
• Do not smoke: When tobacco burns
carcinogenic substances are inhaled so you
can get cancer, chronic bronchitis and serius
pulmonary illnesses; specialy children.
• Avoid sudden changes of temperature
• Do physical exercise regularly.
• Avoid being in contact with atmospheric
contaminants.