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Proximate Analysis:
Indicates the contents in the fuels in percentage by
weight.
• Moisture
• Volatile material
• Fixed carbon
• Ash
Moisture Content:
Water expelled from the fuel by specified methods without
causing any chemical change to fuel.
• 1 g of fine powdered air dried coal is weighed in crucible.
• Crucible is placed inside oven & Temperature is maintained at
105 to 110◦ C for 1 hour.
• Then sample is taken out & weighed.
• Loss in weight is the moisture content in the fuel.
Loss in weight
Percentage of moisture = ------------------------ x 100
Wt. of coal taken
Moisture in coal evaporates during burning taking Latent heat
of evaporation, hence moisture lowers the calorific value of fuel.
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• Sulphur in percentage by Weight
Determination of Carbon & Hydrogen:
Corbon:
Increase in weight of KOH tube * 12
% of C = ------------------------------------------------------ x 100
Weight of coal sample taken * 44
Hydrogen:
S + 2H +2O2 H2SO4
H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl
Basis of reporting
• Run-of-mine ( ROM ).
• As-received.
• Air dried.
• Dry.
• Dry and ash free ( d.a.f ).
• Dry and mineral matter free ( d.m.m.f ).
• Moist mineral matter free or simply mineral free.
Glossary
• ADB - Air-Dried Basis. In coal sample analysis, ADB neglects the presence of moistures other than
inherent moisture while DB (dry-basis) leaves out all moistures, including surface moisture,
inherent moisture, and other moistures
• ARB - As-Received Basis. In coal sample analysis, ARB puts all variables into consideration and
uses the total weight as the basis of measurement. ARB is the most widely used basis in industrial
applications.
• GAR - Gross As Received. Thermal coal is quoted on a GAR basis, except for Europe/ARA, Richards
Bay 6,000 kcal/kg, and Japan and Korea West CIF, which are quoted on a NAR (Net As Received)
basis.